RhetorClick - User contributions [en]

Dramatistic Pentad

2011-05-12T18:52:54Z

Carl:

The dramatistic pentad was developed by [[Kenneth Burke]], noted literary critic and rhetorical scholar. It is the core idea behind dramatism, which holds that all of life is a drama, and human motives can be examined using five elements with related questions, which form the pentad:

'''Act'''- What happened? What is the action? What is going on? What action; what thoughts?

'''Scene'''- Where is the act happening? What is the background situation?

'''Agent'''- Who is involved in the action? What are their roles?

'''Agency'''- How do the agents act? By what means do they act?

'''Purpose'''- Why do the agents act? What do they want?

Sources:
* http://rhetorica.net/burke.htm
* http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dramatistic_pentad

Dramatistic Pentad

2011-05-12T18:52:25Z

Carl:

The dramatistic pentad was developed by [[Kenneth Burke]], noted literary critic and rhetorical scholar. It is the core idea behind dramatism, which holds that all of life is a drama, and human motives can be examined using five elements with related questions, which form the pentad:

'''Act'''- What happened? What is the action? What is going on? What action; what thoughts?

'''Scene'''- Where is the act happening? What is the background situation?

'''Agent'''- Who is involved in the action? What are their roles?

'''Agency'''- How do the agents act? By what means do they act?

'''Purpose'''- Why do the agents act? What do they want?

Sources:
http://rhetorica.net/burke.htm
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dramatistic_pentad

Toulmin Model of Argument

2011-05-12T18:50:15Z

Carl:

The Toulmin Model of Argument, created by [[Stephen Toulmin]], consists of the following elements:

- '''Data'''

- A '''claim''' made due to the data

- A '''warrant''' (often implicit) given to support the inference of the claim from the data

- Possibly, a '''qualification''' added to the claim along with conditions of exception,

- '''Backing''' supplied to provide sufficient grounds for a warrant

Source: [[Toulmin, Stephen "The Layout of Arguments"]]

Toulmin Model of Argument

2011-05-12T18:49:49Z

Carl:

Polyphony

2011-05-12T18:47:53Z

Carl:

The literary term "polyphony" was coined by [[Mikhail Bakhtin]]. When using polyphony, an author does not write from a single voice or vision: rather, the characters and the narrator express a variety of voices and points of view, which often conflict and certainly do not always form a coherent picture.

Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyphony_%28literature%29

Noble Rhetoric

2011-05-12T18:47:07Z

Carl:

[[Richard Weaver]] defined "noble rhetoric" as aiming to improve man's intellect by providing men with "better versions of themselves."

Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_M._Weaver

User:Carl

2011-05-12T12:50:12Z

Carl:

I'm a 3rd-year St. Edward's student on the General track in the English Writing and Rhetoric major, though I'm thinking of switching to the Professional Writing track. I'm also minoring in Sociology. I was born and raised right here in Austin, not too far from St. Edward's. I like being involved in campus activities--I'm an officer in the St. Ed's chapter of Sigma Tau Delta (the English Honor Society) and PRIDE at St. Edward's University. I'm also the editor-in-chief of the campus lit mag/creative arts journal, Sorin Oak Review. Some of my favorite things to do in my spare time include hoarding music for my giant iTunes library, writing poetry, watching live theatre, and going on adventures in the wilderness.

Wiki Contributions:

- Tracked down and added links to all items in the "Resources" page (other than Websites, Blogs, Listservs)

- Performed edits on Class Notes, such as adding to the "Helpful Links" section on Feb. 15 and Feb. 22, creating Mar. 8 notes and adding key passages, adding Feb. 8 class notes, and a few other minor edits

- Added the following article summaries (some were augmented with additional materials later):

*"Nature of the Linguistic Sign"
*"Toward a Methodology for the Human Sciences"
*"How to Read a Page"
*"The Layout of Arguments"
*"On Viewing Rhetoric as Epistemic"
*"Argument as Emergence, Rhetoric as Love"

- Started Theories and Movements page with author-theory organization plan, providing a model for the other team members on how we should work on the assignment

- Added almost all of the information on the Theories and Movements directory page (besides categorization by movements)

- Provided basic pages for the following (in Theories and Movements):

*Polyphony
*Unfinalizability
*Dramatistic Pentad
*Noble Rhetoric
*Toulmin Model of Argument

(So, I didn't quite complete everything I said I would in the email...sorry about that! But hey, I contributed from time to time.)

Toulmin Model of Argument

2011-05-12T12:38:34Z

Carl: Created page with "The Toulmin Model of Argument, created by Stephen Toulmin, consists of the following elements: - '''Data''' - A '''claim''' made due to the data - A '''warrant''' (often i..."

User:Carl

2011-05-12T12:33:46Z

Carl:

I'm a 3rd-year St. Edward's student on the General track in the English Writing and Rhetoric major, though I'm thinking of switching to the Professional Writing track. I'm also minoring in Sociology. I was born and raised right here in Austin, not too far from St. Edward's. I like being involved in campus activities--I'm an officer in the St. Ed's chapter of Sigma Tau Delta (the English Honor Society) and PRIDE at St. Edward's University. I'm also the editor-in-chief of the campus lit mag/creative arts journal, Sorin Oak Review. Some of my favorite things to do in my spare time include hoarding music for my giant iTunes library, writing poetry, watching live theatre, and going on adventures in the wilderness.

Wiki Contributions:

- Tracked down and added links to all items in the "Resources" page (other than Websites, Blogs, Listservs)

- Performed edits on Class Notes, such as adding to the "Helpful Links" and "Key Passages" sections

- Added the following article summaries (some were augmented with additional materials later):

*"Nature of the Linguistic Sign"
*"Toward a Methodology for the Human Sciences"
*"How to Read a Page"
*"The Layout of Arguments"
*"On Viewing Rhetoric as Epistemic"
*"Argument as Emergence, Rhetoric as Love"

- Started Theories and Movements page with preliminary organization plan, providing a model for the other team members on how we should complete the assignment

- Provided basic pages for the following (in Theories and Movements):

*Polyphony
*Unfinalizability
*Dramatistic Pentad
*Noble Rhetoric
*Toulmin Model of Argument

Unfinalizability

2011-05-12T12:30:09Z

Carl: Created page with "Mikhail Bakhtin came up with the term "unfinalizability" to describe the state of the world as incomplete and inconclusive. This inconclusive state also applies to literature..."

[[Mikhail Bakhtin]] came up with the term "unfinalizability" to describe the state of the world as incomplete and inconclusive. This inconclusive state also applies to literature and art. Unfinalizability allows for a sense of freedom in being and creation, but it does not negate a person of responsibility.

Source: http://www.wsu.edu/NIS/Universe/ReviewSt.html

Polyphony

2011-05-12T12:26:15Z

Carl: Created page with "The literary term "polyphony" was coined by Mikhail Bakhtin. When using polyphony, an author does not write from a single voice or vision: rather, the characters and the narr..."

User:Carl

2011-05-12T12:22:32Z

Carl:

I'm a 3rd-year St. Edward's student on the General track in the English Writing and Rhetoric major, though I'm thinking of switching to the Professional Writing track. I'm also minoring in Sociology. I was born and raised right here in Austin, not too far from St. Edward's. I like being involved in campus activities--I'm an officer in the St. Ed's chapter of Sigma Tau Delta (the English Honor Society) and PRIDE at St. Edward's University. I'm also the editor-in-chief of the campus lit mag/creative arts journal, Sorin Oak Review. Some of my favorite things to do in my spare time include hoarding music for my giant iTunes library, writing poetry, watching live theatre, and going on adventures in the wilderness.

Wiki Contributions:

- Tracked down and added links to all items in the "Resources" page (other than Websites, Blogs, Listservs)

- Performed edits on Class Notes, such as adding to the "Helpful Links" and "Key Passages" sections

- Added the following article summaries (some were augmented with additional materials later):

*"Nature of the Linguistic Sign"
*"Toward a Methodology for the Human Sciences"
*"How to Read a Page"
*"The Layout of Arguments"
*"On Viewing Rhetoric as Epistemic"
*"Argument as Emergence, Rhetoric as Love"

- Started Theories and Movements page with preliminary organization plan, providing a model for the other team members on how we should complete the assignment

- Provided basic pages for the following (in Theories and Movements):

*Polyphony
*Unfinalizability
*Carnival and Grotesque
*Chronotope
*Heteroglossia
*Speech genres
*Dramatistic Pentad
*Definition of Man
*God and Devil Terms
*Noble Rhetoric
*Toulmin Model of Argument
*Epistemic Rhetoric
*Rhetoric in Existentialist Literature

User:Carl

2011-05-12T12:20:51Z

Carl:

I'm a 3rd-year St. Edward's student on the General track in the English Writing and Rhetoric major, though I'm thinking of switching to the Professional Writing track. I'm also minoring in Sociology. I was born and raised right here in Austin, not too far from St. Edward's. I like being involved in campus activities--I'm an officer in the St. Ed's chapter of Sigma Tau Delta (the English Honor Society) and PRIDE at St. Edward's University. I'm also the editor-in-chief of the campus lit mag/creative arts journal, Sorin Oak Review. Some of my favorite things to do in my spare time include hoarding music for my giant iTunes library, writing poetry, watching live theatre, and going on adventures in the wilderness.

Wiki Contributions:

- Tracked down and added links to all items in the "Resources" page

- Performed edits on Class Notes, such as adding to the "Helpful Links" and "Key Passages" sections

- Added the following article summaries (some were augmented with additional materials later):

*"Nature of the Linguistic Sign"
*"Toward a Methodology for the Human Sciences"
*"How to Read a Page"
*"The Layout of Arguments"
*"On Viewing Rhetoric as Epistemic"
*"Argument as Emergence, Rhetoric as Love"

- Started Theories and Movements page with preliminary organization plan, providing a model for the other team members on how we should complete the assignment

- Provided basic pages for the following (in Theories and Movements):

*Polyphony
*Unfinalizability
*Carnival and Grotesque
*Chronotope
*Heteroglossia
*Speech genres
*Dramatistic Pentad
*Definition of Man
*God and Devil Terms
*Noble Rhetoric
*Toulmin Model of Argument
*Epistemic Rhetoric
*Rhetoric in Existentialist Literature

Theories and Movements

2011-05-12T12:00:07Z

Carl: /* Semiotics */

== Semiotics ==

[[Ferdinand de Saussure]], 1857-1913: [[signified and signifier are core of semiotics]]

[[Roland Barthes]], 1915-1980: author and scriptor, neutral and novelistic writing

[[Mikhail Bakhtin]], 1895-1975: [[Polyphony]], [[Unfinalizability]], [[Carnival and Grotesque]], [[Chronotope]], [[Heteroglossia]] ("The Dialogic Imagination"), [[Speech genres]]

== Literary Criticism ==

[[I. A. Richards]], 1893-1979: father of [[New Criticism]]

== New Rhetorics ==

[[Kenneth Burke]], 1897-1993: [[Dramatistic Pentad]] (act, scene, agent, agency, purpose), [[Definition of Man]] as symbol-using animal

[http://4341.quinnwarnick.com/wiki/Chaim_Perelman Chaim Perelman], 1912-1984: [[New Rhetorics]]

[[Donald C. Bryant]], 1905-1987: [[definitions of rhetoric]]

== Rogerian Rhetoric ==

[[Jim W. Corder]], 1929-1998: [[argument as emergence toward the other]]

[[Douglas Brent]]: [[Rogerian Rhetoric as an alternative to Traditional Rhetoric]]

== Post-Structuralism ==

[[Michel Foucault]], 1926-1984: [[author-function]]

== Pedagogical Studies ==

[[Lisa S. Ede]], b. 1947

== Writing and Technology ==

[[Cynthia L. Selfe]] and [[Richard J. Selfe Jr.]]:

[[Dennis Baron]], b. 1944:

[[Andrea A. Lunsford]], b. 1942:

== Uncategorized ==

[[Richard Weaver]], 1910-1963: man's nature is fourfold (rational, emotional, ethical, religious), [[God and Devil Terms]], [[Noble Rhetoric]]

[[Stephen Toulmin]], 1922-2009: [[Toulmin Model of Argument]]

[[Robert L. Scott]], b. 1928: [[Epistemic Rhetoric]]

[[Richard Ohmann]], b. 1931:

[[S. Michael Halloran]], b. 1939: [[Rhetoric in Existentialist Literature]]

[[John M. Slatin]]:

[[Kathleen Blake Yancey]]:

[[Johndan Johnson-Eilola]]:

[[John Logie]]:

[[Sean D. Williams]]:

[[Steven Fraiberg]]:

Sorapure et al.?

Palmquist et al.?

[[Bill Hart-Davidson]] and [[Steven D. Krause]]:

[[Douglas Downs]] and [[Elizabeth Wardle]]:

Theories and Movements

2011-05-12T11:58:10Z

Carl: /* Uncategorized */

== Semiotics ==

[[Ferdinand de Saussure]], 1857-1913: [[signified and signifier are core of semiotics]]

[[Roland Barthes]], 1915-1980: author and scriptor, neutral and novelistic writing

[[Mikhail Bakhtin]], 1895-1975: polyphony, unfinalizability, carnival and grotesque, chronotope, heteroglossia ("The Dialogic Imagination"), speech genres

== Literary Criticism ==

[[I. A. Richards]], 1893-1979: father of [[New Criticism]]

== New Rhetorics ==

[[Kenneth Burke]], 1897-1993: [[Dramatistic Pentad]] (act, scene, agent, agency, purpose), [[Definition of Man]] as symbol-using animal

[http://4341.quinnwarnick.com/wiki/Chaim_Perelman Chaim Perelman], 1912-1984: [[New Rhetorics]]

[[Donald C. Bryant]], 1905-1987: [[definitions of rhetoric]]

== Rogerian Rhetoric ==

[[Jim W. Corder]], 1929-1998: [[argument as emergence toward the other]]

[[Douglas Brent]]: [[Rogerian Rhetoric as an alternative to Traditional Rhetoric]]

== Post-Structuralism ==

[[Michel Foucault]], 1926-1984: [[author-function]]

== Pedagogical Studies ==

[[Lisa S. Ede]], b. 1947

== Writing and Technology ==

[[Cynthia L. Selfe]] and [[Richard J. Selfe Jr.]]:

[[Dennis Baron]], b. 1944:

[[Andrea A. Lunsford]], b. 1942:

== Uncategorized ==

[[Richard Weaver]], 1910-1963: man's nature is fourfold (rational, emotional, ethical, religious), [[God and Devil Terms]], [[Noble Rhetoric]]

[[Stephen Toulmin]], 1922-2009: [[Toulmin Model of Argument]]

[[Robert L. Scott]], b. 1928: [[Epistemic Rhetoric]]

[[Richard Ohmann]], b. 1931:

[[S. Michael Halloran]], b. 1939: [[Rhetoric in Existentialist Literature]]

[[John M. Slatin]]:

[[Kathleen Blake Yancey]]:

[[Johndan Johnson-Eilola]]:

[[John Logie]]:

[[Sean D. Williams]]:

[[Steven Fraiberg]]:

Sorapure et al.?

Palmquist et al.?

[[Bill Hart-Davidson]] and [[Steven D. Krause]]:

[[Douglas Downs]] and [[Elizabeth Wardle]]:

Theories and Movements

2011-05-12T11:50:07Z

Carl: /* New Rhetorics */

== Semiotics ==

[[Ferdinand de Saussure]], 1857-1913: [[signified and signifier are core of semiotics]]

[[Roland Barthes]], 1915-1980: author and scriptor, neutral and novelistic writing

[[Mikhail Bakhtin]], 1895-1975: polyphony, unfinalizability, carnival and grotesque, chronotope, heteroglossia ("The Dialogic Imagination"), speech genres

== Literary Criticism ==

[[I. A. Richards]], 1893-1979: father of [[New Criticism]]

== New Rhetorics ==

[[Kenneth Burke]], 1897-1993: [[Dramatistic Pentad]] (act, scene, agent, agency, purpose), [[Definition of Man]] as symbol-using animal

[http://4341.quinnwarnick.com/wiki/Chaim_Perelman Chaim Perelman], 1912-1984: [[New Rhetorics]]

[[Donald C. Bryant]], 1905-1987: [[definitions of rhetoric]]

== Rogerian Rhetoric ==

[[Jim W. Corder]], 1929-1998: [[argument as emergence toward the other]]

[[Douglas Brent]]: [[Rogerian Rhetoric as an alternative to Traditional Rhetoric]]

== Post-Structuralism ==

[[Michel Foucault]], 1926-1984: [[author-function]]

== Pedagogical Studies ==

[[Lisa S. Ede]], b. 1947

== Writing and Technology ==

[[Cynthia L. Selfe]] and [[Richard J. Selfe Jr.]]:

[[Dennis Baron]], b. 1944:

[[Andrea A. Lunsford]], b. 1942:

== Uncategorized ==

[[Richard Weaver]], 1910-1963: man's nature is fourfold (rational, emotional, ethical, religious), "god terms" and "devil terms," [[Noble Rhetoric]]

[[Stephen Toulmin]], 1922-2009: Toulmin Model of Argument (claim, data, warrant, backing, rebuttal, qualifier)

[[Robert L. Scott]], b. 1928: "epistemic rhetoric"

[[Richard Ohmann]], b. 1931:

[[S. Michael Halloran]], b. 1939:

[[John M. Slatin]]:

[[Kathleen Blake Yancey]]:

[[Johndan Johnson-Eilola]]:

[[John Logie]]:

[[Sean D. Williams]]:

[[Steven Fraiberg]]:

Sorapure et al.?

Palmquist et al.?

[[Bill Hart-Davidson]] and [[Steven D. Krause]]:

[[Douglas Downs]] and [[Elizabeth Wardle]]:

Theories and Movements

2011-05-10T03:36:36Z

Carl: /* Uncategorized */

== Semiotics ==

Ferdinand de Saussure, 1857-1913: signified and signifier are core of semiotics

[[Roland Barthes]], 1915-1980: author and scriptor, neutral and novelistic writing

[[Mikhail Bakhtin]], 1895-1975: polyphony, unfinalizability, carnival and grotesque, chronotope, heteroglossia ("The Dialogic Imagination"), speech genres

== Literary Criticism ==

[[I. A. Richards]], 1893-1979: father of [[New Criticism]]

== New Rhetorics ==

[[Kenneth Burke]], 1897-1993: [[Dramatistic Pentad]] (act, scene, agent, agency, purpose), definition of man as symbol-using animal

[http://4341.quinnwarnick.com/wiki/Chaim_Perelman Chaim Perelman], 1912-1984: [[New Rhetorics]]

== Post-Structuralism ==

[[Michel Foucault]], 1926-1984: author-function

== Pedagogical Studies ==

[[Lisa S. Ede]], b. 1947

== Writing and Technology ==

[[Cynthia L. Selfe]] and [[Richard J. Selfe Jr.]]:

[[Dennis Baron]], b. 1944:

[[Andrea A. Lunsford]], b. 1942:

== Uncategorized ==

[[Donald C. Bryant]], 1905-1987: [[definitions of rhetoric]]

[[Richard Weaver]], 1910-1963: man's nature is fourfold (rational, emotional, ethical, religious), "god terms" and "devil terms," [[Noble Rhetoric]]

[[Stephen Toulmin]], 1922-2009: Toulmin Model of Argument (claim, data, warrant, backing, rebuttal, qualifier)

[[Robert L. Scott]], b. 1928: "epistemic rhetoric"

[[Jim W. Corder]], 1929-1998: argument as emergence toward the other

[[Richard Ohmann]], b. 1931:

[[S. Michael Halloran]], b. 1939:

[[John M. Slatin]]:

[[Kathleen Blake Yancey]]:

[[Douglas Brent]]:

[[Johndan Johnson-Eilola]]:

[[John Logie]]:

[[Sean D. Williams]]:

[[Steven Fraiberg]]:

Sorapure et al.?

Palmquist et al.?

[[Bill Hart-Davidson]] and [[Steven D. Krause]]:

[[Douglas Downs]] and [[Elizabeth Wardle]]:

Theories and Movements

2011-05-10T03:30:38Z

Carl: /* Uncategorized */

== Semiotics ==

Ferdinand de Saussure, 1857-1913: signified and signifier are core of semiotics

[[Roland Barthes]], 1915-1980: author and scriptor, neutral and novelistic writing

[[Mikhail Bakhtin]], 1895-1975: polyphony, unfinalizability, carnival and grotesque, chronotope, heteroglossia ("The Dialogic Imagination"), speech genres

== Literary Criticism ==

[[I. A. Richards]], 1893-1979: father of [[New Criticism]]

== New Rhetorics ==

[[Kenneth Burke]], 1897-1993: [[Dramatistic Pentad]] (act, scene, agent, agency, purpose), definition of man as symbol-using animal

[http://4341.quinnwarnick.com/wiki/Chaim_Perelman Chaim Perelman], 1912-1984: [[New Rhetorics]]

== Post-Structuralism ==

[[Michel Foucault]], 1926-1984: author-function

== Pedagogical Studies ==

[[Lisa S. Ede]], b. 1947

== Writing and Technology ==

[[Cynthia L. Selfe]] and [[Richard J. Selfe Jr.]]:

[[Dennis Baron]], b. 1944:

[[Andrea A. Lunsford]], b. 1942:

== Uncategorized ==

[[Donald C. Bryant]], 1905-1987: [[definitions of rhetoric]]

[[Richard Weaver]], 1910-1963: man's nature is fourfold (rational, emotional, ethical, religious), "god terms" and "devil terms," [[Noble Rhetoric]]

[[Stephen Toulmin]], 1922-2009: Toulmin Model of Argument (claim, data, warrant, backing, rebuttal, qualifier)

[[Robert L. Scott]], b. 1928: "epistemic rhetoric"

[[Jim W. Corder]], 1929-1998: argument as emergence toward the other

[[Richard Ohmann]], b. 1931:

[[S. Michael Halloran]], b. 1939:

[[John M. Slatin]]:

[[Kathleen Blake Yancey]]:

[[Douglas Brent]]:

[[Johndan Johnson-Eilola]]:

[[John Logie]]:

[[Sean D. Williams]]:

[[Steven Fraiberg]]:

Sorapure et al.?

[[Bill Hart-Davidson]] and [[Steven D. Krause]]:

[[Douglas Downs]] and [[Elizabeth Wardle]]:

User:Carl

2011-04-26T08:30:54Z

Carl:

Noble Rhetoric

2011-04-07T15:47:32Z

Carl: Created page with "Richard Weaver defined "noble rhetoric" as aiming to improve man's intellect by providing men with "better versions of themselves.""

[[Richard Weaver]] defined "noble rhetoric" as aiming to improve man's intellect by providing men with "better versions of themselves."

Theories and Movements

2011-04-07T15:46:14Z

Carl:

Ideas of various scholars-

Ferdinand de Saussure, 1857-1913: signified and signifier are core of semiotics

[[I. A. Richards]], 1893-1979: father of [[New Criticism]]

Mikhail Bakhtin, 1895-1975: polyphony, unfinalizability, carnival and grotesque, chronotope, heteroglossia ("The Dialogic Imagination"), speech genres

Kenneth Burke, 1897-1993: [[Dramatistic Pentad]] (act, scene, agent, agency, purpose), definition of man as symbol-using animal

Donald C. Bryant, 1905-1987: [[definitions of rhetoric]]

Richard Weaver, 1910-1963: man's nature is fourfold (rational, emotional, ethical, religious), "god terms" and "devil terms," [[Noble Rhetoric]]

Chaïm Perelman, 1912-1984: [[New Rhetorics]]

Roland Barthes, 1915-1980: author and scriptor, neutral and novelistic writing

Stephen Toulmin, 1922-2009: Toulmin Model of Argument (claim, data, warrant, backing, rebuttal, qualifier)

Michel Foucault, 1926-1984: author-function

Robert L. Scott, b. 1928: "epistemic rhetoric"

Jim W. Corder, 1929-1998: argument as emergence toward the other

Richard Ohmann, b. 1931:

S. Michael Halloran, b. 1939:

Lisa S. Ede, b. 1947, and Andrea A. Lunsford, b. 1942:

Dennis Baron, b. 1944:

Douglas Brent:

Cynthia Selfe and Richard Selfe:

John M. Slatin:

Kathleen Yancey:

Dramatistic Pentad

2011-04-07T15:38:27Z

Carl: Created page with "The dramatistic pentad was developed by Kenneth Burke, noted literary critic and rhetorical scholar. It is the core idea behind dramatism, which holds that all of life is a d..."

Theories and Movements

2011-04-07T15:32:55Z

Carl:

Ideas of various scholars-

Ferdinand de Saussure, 1857-1913: signified and signifier are core of semiotics

I. A. Richards, 1893-1979: father of [[New Criticism]]

Mikhail Bakhtin, 1895-1975: polyphony, unfinalizability, carnival and grotesque, chronotope, heteroglossia ("The Dialogic Imagination"), speech genres

Kenneth Burke, 1897-1993: [[Dramatistic Pentad]] (act, scene, agent, agency, purpose), definition of man as symbol-using animal

Donald C. Bryant, 1905-1987: [[definitions of rhetoric]]

Richard Weaver, 1910-1963: man's nature is fourfold (rational, emotional, ethical, religious), "god terms" and "devil terms," "noble rhetoric"

Chaïm Perelman, 1912-1984: The New Rhetoric

Roland Barthes, 1915-1980: author and scriptor, neutral and novelistic writing

Stephen Toulmin, 1922-2009: Toulmin Model of Argument (claim, data, warrant, backing, rebuttal, qualifier)

Michel Foucault, 1926-1984: author-function

Robert L. Scott, b. 1928: "epistemic rhetoric"

Jim W. Corder, 1929-1998: argument as emergence toward the other

Richard Ohmann, b. 1931:

S. Michael Halloran, b. 1939:

Lisa S. Ede, b. 1947, and Andrea A. Lunsford, b. 1942:

Dennis Baron, b. 1944:

Douglas Brent:

Cynthia Selfe and Richard Selfe:

John M. Slatin:

Kathleen Yancey:

Theories and Movements

2011-03-28T09:25:34Z

Carl:

Ideas of various scholars-

Ferdinand de Saussure, 1857-1913: signified and signifier are core of semiotics

I. A. Richards, 1893-1979: father of New Criticism

Mikhail Bakhtin, 1895-1975: polyphony, unfinalizability, carnival and grotesque, chronotope, heteroglossia ("The Dialogic Imagination"), speech genres

Kenneth Burke, 1897-1993: dramatistic pentad (act, scene, agent, agency, purpose), definition of man as symbol-using animal

Donald C. Bryant, 1905-1987: definitions of rhetoric

Richard Weaver, 1910-1963: man's nature is fourfold (rational, emotional, ethical, religious), "god terms" and "devil terms," "noble rhetoric"

Chaïm Perelman, 1912-1984: The New Rhetoric

Roland Barthes, 1915-1980: author and scriptor, neutral and novelistic writing

Stephen Toulmin, 1922-2009: Toulmin Model of Argument (claim, data, warrant, backing, rebuttal, qualifier)

Michel Foucault, 1926-1984: author-function

Robert L. Scott, b. 1928: "epistemic rhetoric"

Jim W. Corder, 1929-1998: argument as emergence toward the other

Richard Ohmann, b. 1931:

S. Michael Halloran, b. 1939:

Lisa S. Ede, b. 1947, and Andrea A. Lunsford, b. 1942:

Dennis Baron, b. 1944:

Douglas Brent:

Cynthia Selfe and Richard Selfe:

John M. Slatin:

Kathleen Yancey:

Theories and Movements

2011-03-28T08:43:49Z

Carl: Created page with "''Note: This page is a work in progress and doesn't have a clear organizational structure yet. Please feel free to add any information you think may be useful.''"

''Note: This page is a work in progress and doesn't have a clear organizational structure yet. Please feel free to add any information you think may be useful.''

Article Summaries

2011-03-03T19:41:30Z

Carl:

== "Nature of the Linguistic Sign" by Ferdinand de Saussure ==

In “Nature of the Linguistic Sign,” Ferdinand de Saussure argues that a linguistic sign can be broken up into two parts: a concept (signified) and a sound-image (signifier). He points out how the sign is arbitrary and not based on an inherent relationship between the signified and signifier. He says the sign is both immutable—no one in a community can alter the language at will—and mutable—given enough time, social forces will cause shifts in language, though language is always inherited from the preceding period.

== "Toward a Methodology for the Human Sciences" by Mikhail Bakhtin ==

Saussure was a great influence on Mikhail Bakhtin, author of the article “Toward a Methodology for the Human Sciences.” Here Bakhtin outlies a variety of theories that aid understanding in the non-exact human sciences. For one, he contrasts the idea of a subject (or personality) with a thing, saying that understanding of a subject must be dialogic, i.e., based on contextual meaning (unlike the monological dialectic of the natural sciences). Through dialogic contact, one’s own words and another’s words join to form a personality, which requires a semantic context. Bakhtin also discusses reification (becoming a thing) and personification (becoming a personality), saying neither can be reached in full.

== "Definition of Man" by Kenneth Burke==

In “Definition of Man,” Kenneth Burke takes a fairly dark view of human beings and their use of language. He defines man, using five clauses, as “Man is a symbol-using (symbol-making, symbol-misusing) animal/ inventor of the negative (or moralized by the negative)/ separated from his natural condition by instruments of his own making/ goaded by the spirit of hierarchy (or moved by the sense of order)/ and rotten with perfection” (53-54). At the beginning, Burke clearly states that his definition is subject to debate and modification. Burke asserts that our symbols-systems are what allow humans to survive and innovate; however, these same systems can also lead to destruction, thus introducing a duality of symbols or language, a main theme in this article. Continuing with the idea of duality, Burke introduces the clause regarding humans as the inventor of the negative, as he claims that nothing in nature is negative and that the negative was constructed by the symbol-systems. He continues to reference language used in the discussion of morality, i.e. the “Thou shall-not.” He believes in stating this negative phrase brings both positive and negative ideas. Then, Burke argues that our symbol-systems construct social networks and norms, etc., that separate us from our natural instincts; in other words, we regard natural occurrences or “things” as negative as a result of language. Furthermore, when he says “rotten with perfection,” Burke does not mean that humans are perfect. He means that humans strive to fulfill their perfect, already formulated ideas. This can lead to political scapegoating and a number of other sad occurrences.

== "How to Read a Page" by I. A. Richards ==

In “How to Read a Page,” I. A. Richards writes at length about ideal strategies for interacting with and making meaning out of texts. He explains the difficulties involved in varying interpretations and outlines some common words that are important, but ambiguous. He then illustrates the complexities involved in reading a page by providing an example: a somewhat abstruse passage written by Aristotle. Richards rewrites this passage in plain English and highlights various distinctions he makes in his rewritten version. His analysis leads him to make the following conclusions about reading pages: it helps to read text keeping in mind vocal emphases to better discern structure (reading aloud), to read slowly and deliberately, and to read with an eye for comparison between meanings—or “translation” in the sense of figuring out the context in which different words are used.

== "Rhetoric: Its Functions and Its Scope" by Donald C. Bryant ==

== "What Is an Author?" by Michel Foucault ==

== “Death of the Author” by Roland Barthes ==

“Death of the Author” by Roland Barthes discusses and criticizes the emphasis literary critics place on the author while offering an alternative emphasis. The article claims that many have tried to break the idea that so much weight of discourse lies upon the authors. The examples include Mallarme’s attempt to suppress the author in poetics and Valery’s stress on linguistics and the text. Barthes claims that nothing is original because it all comes from already constructed dictionary from which all write. The dictionary, he also asserts, is just a “tissue of signs imitation that is lost, infinitely deferred.” Then, Barthes states that putting an author on the text limits it and potential interpretations. He further states that the existence of writing is “a text...made of multiple writings, drawn from many cultures and entering into mutual relations...” All of this multiplicity is thus focused in the readers. They are the ones that have to power to make a variety of different interpretations, emotions, and hold all the traces of text of which the text being read consists. The author can only understand and convey his/her own interpretation. Therefore, “the birth of the reader must be at the cost of the death of the Author.”

== "The New Rhetoric: A Theory of Practical Reasoning" by Chaïm Perelman ==

== “The Cultural Role of Rhetoric” by Richard Weaver ==

“The Cultural Role of Rhetoric” by Richard Weaver discusses the necessity of pairing dialect and rhetoric. His major claim is that societies cannot be secure or stable unless there exists a conjoining of dialect and rhetoric and that “dialect alone in the social realm is subversive” (76). Weaver claims that just focusing on dialect, as was the case with Socrates and is the case with the semantics, is dangerous and alienates dialectical purist from the rest of society. Using the end of one of the greatest and well-known philosophers, Socrates, he explains that the audience he was preaching to was not able to connect to his rationalistic discourse and argumentation. Thus, instead of praising his rational logic and argumentation, the audience felt alienated from Socrates and that he rejects their culture, values, and way of life, especially when he argues that he believes in the gods. As Socrates believes that this argumentation (dialectical) is all man needs and fulfills all man’s needs, Weaver argues that this puristic form of dialect strays to far from the conditio humana (human condition). Thus, rhetoric has the appeal to the human condition that dialect lacks. Weaver states that dialectic deals with inductions and syllogisms while rhetoric deals with examples and enthymemes. While people can follow syllogisms and inductions, they connect with examples and enthymemes. It is the common ground upon which persuasion can occur. Weaver further states that this is why Hellenistic rationalism died out and Christianity spread far and wide -- Jesus appealed to feelings, ideas, and hopes that Hellenistic rationalism could or would not. Weaver goes on to argue against the semantics--those who believe only in dialectic and that each word should have its appropriate definition and words without a secure definition should not be used--using the same principles discussed above. He ends by saying that rhetoric will survive dialectic attack.

== "The Layout of Arguments" by Stephen Toulmin ==

In “The Layout of Arguments,” Stephen Toulmin’s thesis is that a new framework is needed for argumentation, as an alternative to the syllogism. The framework (or layout) he proposes involves a claim made due to some data, a warrant (often implicit) given to support the inference of the claim from the data, possibly a qualification added to the claim along with conditions of exception, and backing supplied to provide sufficient grounds for a warrant. Toulmin claims that the syllogism is too ambiguous because, for instance, universal premises (such as “All men are mortal”) do not properly distinguish between warrant and backing. Additionally, with a syllogism one cannot always tell whether a universal premise is true only in theory or in existential, empirical fact. Toulmin explains that logicians have too long relied on the syllogism and that in doing so they have forced arguments into a mold that doesn’t take into account subtle distinctions.

== "On Viewing Rhetoric as Epistemic" by Robert L. Scott ==

Robert L. Scott begins “On Viewing Rhetoric as Epistemic” by explaining how in the common conception of classical rhetoric (such as Plato’s portrayal in the Socratic dialogues), some people can know the “truth” and must use rhetoric to lead others to the truth. Yet Scott disagrees. Drawing on the work of Stephen Toulmin, he first explains how through the “analytic argument” (i.e., the kind of argument used in the traditional syllogism), one cannot actually gain any empirical knowledge about the world. This is because by nature, the facts of the world are contingent and dependent on time, whereas analytic arguments are meant to be immutable and time-independent. Scott then discusses Douglas Ehninger and Wayne Brockriede’s views on debate, saying that the “cooperative critical inquiry” used in debate is a more accurate means for finding—or creating—truth. Scott then explains how understanding the nature of truth has important ramifications in ethics. One must attempt to make the proper moral choices even though no objective standard of truth for ethics actually exists.

== “In Lieu of a New Rhetoric” by Richard Ohmann ==

In “In Lieu of a New Rhetoric,” Richard Ohmann starts by acknowledging the past perceptions of rhetoric as a “mysterious power” and as a “calculated procedure” bond in the similar characteristic of dealing with persuasion (298). He continues by contrasting the views of many of the new rhetoricians like I.A. Richards, Daniel Fogarty, and Richard Weaver--to name a few. He then states his purpose: “suggest one way in which contemporary ideas of rhetoric...resemble each other more than any of them resembles older ideas” (300). This similarity between the contemporary ideas is that they open the term rhetoric to incorporate a broader spectrum of linguistic activity; this is different from the classical view of rhetoric as persuasion. Ohmann outlines these relationships using five aspects: the relationship between the rhetor and the audience in which new rhetoric encompasses a more mutual relationship, rhetoric as a pursuit versus the transmission of truth, candor as a necessary condition of making rhetoric, the attribution of how much a work reflects the author (only in style says new rhetoricians), and rhetoric reflecting the concepts of a world view (of the world, community, group, or an individual). Ohmann continues to discuss rhetoric in terms of teaching freshman-level college students. He states that the current methods of grammarian rules, etc. are not affective in the classroom. Rather, he proposes a “four-part framework” for teaching freshman. First, the students must understand “the relationship between a piece of writing and its content.Then, they should be taught the “relationship between a piece of writing and its author” and its relationship with the audience (304). And, final idea they should learn is that of the world views previously discussed by Ohmann.

== "On the End of Rhetoric: Classical and Modern" by S. Michael Halloran ==

== "Argument as Emergence, Rhetoric as Love" by Jim W. Corder ==

In “Argument as Emergence, Rhetoric as Love,” Jim W. Corder claims that we are all constantly creating and adapting our own narratives and arguments as we live our lives. However, sometimes we will come across the narrative/argument of another that conflicts with or undermines ours. What to do in such a situation? Corder first references the therapeutic techniques of Carl Rogers, which were adapted to a rhetorical philosophy based on mutual understanding of the positions of each rhetor. But Corder thinks this isn’t sufficient to resolve some conflicts, as with heated political issues like abortion or war. In these situations he proposes we “see each other,” “know each other,” “be present to each other,” and “embrace each other” (421). As he writes, argument is not a display or presentation; it is an emergence towards the other: rhetoric should allow for a more commodious space in which conflicting views can coexist. Corder offers a variety of ways to facilitate this, such as learning to argue provisionally, or to remain “perpetually open and always closing” (425).

Article Summaries

2011-03-03T19:41:05Z

Carl: /* "On Viewing Rhetoric as Epistemic" by Robert L. Scott */

Article Summaries

2011-03-03T19:35:40Z

Carl:

== "Nature of the Linguistic Sign" by Ferdinand de Saussure ==

In “Nature of the Linguistic Sign,” Ferdinand de Saussure argues that a linguistic sign can be broken up into two parts: a concept (signified) and a sound-image (signifier). He points out how the sign is arbitrary and not based on an inherent relationship between the signified and signifier. He says the sign is both immutable—no one in a community can alter the language at will—and mutable—given enough time, social forces will cause shifts in language, though language is always inherited from the preceding period.

== "Toward a Methodology for the Human Sciences" by Mikhail Bakhtin ==

Saussure was a great influence on Mikhail Bakhtin, author of the article “Toward a Methodology for the Human Sciences.” Here Bakhtin outlies a variety of theories that aid understanding in the non-exact human sciences. For one, he contrasts the idea of a subject (or personality) with a thing, saying that understanding of a subject must be dialogic, i.e., based on contextual meaning (unlike the monological dialectic of the natural sciences). Through dialogic contact, one’s own words and another’s words join to form a personality, which requires a semantic context. Bakhtin also discusses reification (becoming a thing) and personification (becoming a personality), saying neither can be reached in full.

== "Definition of Man" by Kenneth Burke==

In “Definition of Man,” Kenneth Burke takes a fairly dark view of human beings and their use of language. He defines man, using five clauses, as “Man is a symbol-using (symbol-making, symbol-misusing) animal/ inventor of the negative (or moralized by the negative)/ separated from his natural condition by instruments of his own making/ goaded by the spirit of hierarchy (or moved by the sense of order)/ and rotten with perfection” (53-54). At the beginning, Burke clearly states that his definition is subject to debate and modification. Burke asserts that our symbols-systems are what allow humans to survive and innovate; however, these same systems can also lead to destruction, thus introducing a duality of symbols or language, a main theme in this article. Continuing with the idea of duality, Burke introduces the clause regarding humans as the inventor of the negative, as he claims that nothing in nature is negative and that the negative was constructed by the symbol-systems. He continues to reference language used in the discussion of morality, i.e. the “Thou shall-not.” He believes in stating this negative phrase brings both positive and negative ideas. Then, Burke argues that our symbol-systems construct social networks and norms, etc., that separate us from our natural instincts; in other words, we regard natural occurrences or “things” as negative as a result of language. Furthermore, when he says “rotten with perfection,” Burke does not mean that humans are perfect. He means that humans strive to fulfill their perfect, already formulated ideas. This can lead to political scapegoating and a number of other sad occurrences.

== "How to Read a Page" by I. A. Richards ==

In “How to Read a Page,” I. A. Richards writes at length about ideal strategies for interacting with and making meaning out of texts. He explains the difficulties involved in varying interpretations and outlines some common words that are important, but ambiguous. He then illustrates the complexities involved in reading a page by providing an example: a somewhat abstruse passage written by Aristotle. Richards rewrites this passage in plain English and highlights various distinctions he makes in his rewritten version. His analysis leads him to make the following conclusions about reading pages: it helps to read text keeping in mind vocal emphases to better discern structure (reading aloud), to read slowly and deliberately, and to read with an eye for comparison between meanings—or “translation” in the sense of figuring out the context in which different words are used.

== "Rhetoric: Its Functions and Its Scope" by Donald C. Bryant ==

== "What Is an Author?" by Michel Foucault ==

== “Death of the Author” by Roland Barthes ==

“Death of the Author” by Roland Barthes discusses and criticizes the emphasis literary critics place on the author while offering an alternative emphasis. The article claims that many have tried to break the idea that so much weight of discourse lies upon the authors. The examples include Mallarme’s attempt to suppress the author in poetics and Valery’s stress on linguistics and the text. Barthes claims that nothing is original because it all comes from already constructed dictionary from which all write. The dictionary, he also asserts, is just a “tissue of signs imitation that is lost, infinitely deferred.” Then, Barthes states that putting an author on the text limits it and potential interpretations. He further states that the existence of writing is “a text...made of multiple writings, drawn from many cultures and entering into mutual relations...” All of this multiplicity is thus focused in the readers. They are the ones that have to power to make a variety of different interpretations, emotions, and hold all the traces of text of which the text being read consists. The author can only understand and convey his/her own interpretation. Therefore, “the birth of the reader must be at the cost of the death of the Author.”

== "The New Rhetoric: A Theory of Practical Reasoning" by Chaïm Perelman ==

== “The Cultural Role of Rhetoric” by Richard Weaver ==

“The Cultural Role of Rhetoric” by Richard Weaver discusses the necessity of pairing dialect and rhetoric. His major claim is that societies cannot be secure or stable unless there exists a conjoining of dialect and rhetoric and that “dialect alone in the social realm is subversive” (76). Weaver claims that just focusing on dialect, as was the case with Socrates and is the case with the semantics, is dangerous and alienates dialectical purist from the rest of society. Using the end of one of the greatest and well-known philosophers, Socrates, he explains that the audience he was preaching to was not able to connect to his rationalistic discourse and argumentation. Thus, instead of praising his rational logic and argumentation, the audience felt alienated from Socrates and that he rejects their culture, values, and way of life, especially when he argues that he believes in the gods. As Socrates believes that this argumentation (dialectical) is all man needs and fulfills all man’s needs, Weaver argues that this puristic form of dialect strays to far from the conditio humana (human condition). Thus, rhetoric has the appeal to the human condition that dialect lacks. Weaver states that dialectic deals with inductions and syllogisms while rhetoric deals with examples and enthymemes. While people can follow syllogisms and inductions, they connect with examples and enthymemes. It is the common ground upon which persuasion can occur. Weaver further states that this is why Hellenistic rationalism died out and Christianity spread far and wide -- Jesus appealed to feelings, ideas, and hopes that Hellenistic rationalism could or would not. Weaver goes on to argue against the semantics--those who believe only in dialectic and that each word should have its appropriate definition and words without a secure definition should not be used--using the same principles discussed above. He ends by saying that rhetoric will survive dialectic attack.

== "The Layout of Arguments" by Stephen Toulmin ==

In “The Layout of Arguments,” Stephen Toulmin’s thesis is that a new framework is needed for argumentation, as an alternative to the syllogism. The framework (or layout) he proposes involves a claim made due to some data, a warrant (often implicit) given to support the inference of the claim from the data, possibly a qualification added to the claim along with conditions of exception, and backing supplied to provide sufficient grounds for a warrant. Toulmin claims that the syllogism is too ambiguous because, for instance, universal premises (such as “All men are mortal”) do not properly distinguish between warrant and backing. Additionally, with a syllogism one cannot always tell whether a universal premise is true only in theory or in existential, empirical fact. Toulmin explains that logicians have too long relied on the syllogism and that in doing so they have forced arguments into a mold that doesn’t take into account subtle distinctions.

== "On Viewing Rhetoric as Epistemic" by Robert L. Scott ==

== “In Lieu of a New Rhetoric” by Richard Ohmann ==

In “In Lieu of a New Rhetoric,” Richard Ohmann starts by acknowledging the past perceptions of rhetoric as a “mysterious power” and as a “calculated procedure” bond in the similar characteristic of dealing with persuasion (298). He continues by contrasting the views of many of the new rhetoricians like I.A. Richards, Daniel Fogarty, and Richard Weaver--to name a few. He then states his purpose: “suggest one way in which contemporary ideas of rhetoric...resemble each other more than any of them resembles older ideas” (300). This similarity between the contemporary ideas is that they open the term rhetoric to incorporate a broader spectrum of linguistic activity; this is different from the classical view of rhetoric as persuasion. Ohmann outlines these relationships using five aspects: the relationship between the rhetor and the audience in which new rhetoric encompasses a more mutual relationship, rhetoric as a pursuit versus the transmission of truth, candor as a necessary condition of making rhetoric, the attribution of how much a work reflects the author (only in style says new rhetoricians), and rhetoric reflecting the concepts of a world view (of the world, community, group, or an individual). Ohmann continues to discuss rhetoric in terms of teaching freshman-level college students. He states that the current methods of grammarian rules, etc. are not affective in the classroom. Rather, he proposes a “four-part framework” for teaching freshman. First, the students must understand “the relationship between a piece of writing and its content.Then, they should be taught the “relationship between a piece of writing and its author” and its relationship with the audience (304). And, final idea they should learn is that of the world views previously discussed by Ohmann.

== "On the End of Rhetoric: Classical and Modern" by S. Michael Halloran ==

== "Argument as Emergence, Rhetoric as Love" by Jim W. Corder ==

In “Argument as Emergence, Rhetoric as Love,” Jim W. Corder claims that we are all constantly creating and adapting our own narratives and arguments as we live our lives. However, sometimes we will come across the narrative/argument of another that conflicts with or undermines ours. What to do in such a situation? Corder first references the therapeutic techniques of Carl Rogers, which were adapted to a rhetorical philosophy based on mutual understanding of the positions of each rhetor. But Corder thinks this isn’t sufficient to resolve some conflicts, as with heated political issues like abortion or war. In these situations he proposes we “see each other,” “know each other,” “be present to each other,” and “embrace each other” (421). As he writes, argument is not a display or presentation; it is an emergence towards the other: rhetoric should allow for a more commodious space in which conflicting views can coexist. Corder offers a variety of ways to facilitate this, such as learning to argue provisionally, or to remain “perpetually open and always closing” (425).

Article Summaries

2011-03-03T19:29:45Z

Carl:

== "Nature of the Linguistic Sign" by Ferdinand de Saussure ==

In “Nature of the Linguistic Sign,” Ferdinand de Saussure argues that a linguistic sign can be broken up into two parts: a concept (signified) and a sound-image (signifier). He points out how the sign is arbitrary and not based on an inherent relationship between the signified and signifier. He says the sign is both immutable—no one in a community can alter the language at will—and mutable—given enough time, social forces will cause shifts in language, though language is always inherited from the preceding period.

== "Toward a Methodology for the Human Sciences" by Mikhail Bakhtin ==

Saussure was a great influence on Mikhail Bakhtin, author of the article “Toward a Methodology for the Human Sciences.” Here Bakhtin outlies a variety of theories that aid understanding in the non-exact human sciences. For one, he contrasts the idea of a subject (or personality) with a thing, saying that understanding of a subject must be dialogic, i.e., based on contextual meaning (unlike the monological dialectic of the natural sciences). Through dialogic contact, one’s own words and another’s words join to form a personality, which requires a semantic context. Bakhtin also discusses reification (becoming a thing) and personification (becoming a personality), saying neither can be reached in full.

== "Definition of Man" by Kenneth Burke==

In “Definition of Man,” Kenneth Burke takes a fairly dark view of human beings and their use of language. He defines man, using five clauses, as “Man is a symbol-using (symbol-making, symbol-misusing) animal/ inventor of the negative (or moralized by the negative)/ separated from his natural condition by instruments of his own making/ goaded by the spirit of hierarchy (or moved by the sense of order)/ and rotten with perfection” (53-54). At the beginning, Burke clearly states that his definition is subject to debate and modification. Burke asserts that our symbols-systems are what allow humans to survive and innovate; however, these same systems can also lead to destruction, thus introducing a duality of symbols or language, a main theme in this article. Continuing with the idea of duality, Burke introduces the clause regarding humans as the inventor of the negative, as he claims that nothing in nature is negative and that the negative was constructed by the symbol-systems. He continues to reference language used in the discussion of morality, i.e. the “Thou shall-not.” He believes in stating this negative phrase brings both positive and negative ideas. Then, Burke argues that our symbol-systems construct social networks and norms, etc., that separate us from our natural instincts; in other words, we regard natural occurrences or “things” as negative as a result of language. Furthermore, when he says “rotten with perfection,” Burke does not mean that humans are perfect. He means that humans strive to fulfill their perfect, already formulated ideas. This can lead to political scapegoating and a number of other sad occurrences.

== "How to Read a Page" by I. A. Richards ==

In “How to Read a Page,” I. A. Richards writes at length about ideal strategies for interacting with and making meaning out of texts. He explains the difficulties involved in varying interpretations and outlines some common words that are important, but ambiguous. He then illustrates the complexities involved in reading a page by providing an example: a somewhat abstruse passage written by Aristotle. Richards rewrites this passage in plain English and highlights various distinctions he makes in his rewritten version. His analysis leads him to make the following conclusions about reading pages: it helps to read text keeping in mind vocal emphases to better discern structure (reading aloud), to read slowly and deliberately, and to read with an eye for comparison between meanings—or “translation” in the sense of figuring out the context in which different words are used.

== “Death of the Author” by Roland Barthes ==

“Death of the Author” by Roland Barthes discusses and criticizes the emphasis literary critics place on the author while offering an alternative emphasis. The article claims that many have tried to break the idea that so much weight of discourse lies upon the authors. The examples include Mallarme’s attempt to suppress the author in poetics and Valery’s stress on linguistics and the text. Barthes claims that nothing is original because it all comes from already constructed dictionary from which all write. The dictionary, he also asserts, is just a “tissue of signs imitation that is lost, infinitely deferred.” Then, Barthes states that putting an author on the text limits it and potential interpretations. He further states that the existence of writing is “a text...made of multiple writings, drawn from many cultures and entering into mutual relations...” All of this multiplicity is thus focused in the readers. They are the ones that have to power to make a variety of different interpretations, emotions, and hold all the traces of text of which the text being read consists. The author can only understand and convey his/her own interpretation. Therefore, “the birth of the reader must be at the cost of the death of the Author.”

== “The Cultural Role of Rhetoric” by Richard Weaver ==

“The Cultural Role of Rhetoric” by Richard Weaver discusses the necessity of pairing dialect and rhetoric. His major claim is that societies cannot be secure or stable unless there exists a conjoining of dialect and rhetoric and that “dialect alone in the social realm is subversive” (76). Weaver claims that just focusing on dialect, as was the case with Socrates and is the case with the semantics, is dangerous and alienates dialectical purist from the rest of society. Using the end of one of the greatest and well-known philosophers, Socrates, he explains that the audience he was preaching to was not able to connect to his rationalistic discourse and argumentation. Thus, instead of praising his rational logic and argumentation, the audience felt alienated from Socrates and that he rejects their culture, values, and way of life, especially when he argues that he believes in the gods. As Socrates believes that this argumentation (dialectical) is all man needs and fulfills all man’s needs, Weaver argues that this puristic form of dialect strays to far from the conditio humana (human condition). Thus, rhetoric has the appeal to the human condition that dialect lacks. Weaver states that dialectic deals with inductions and syllogisms while rhetoric deals with examples and enthymemes. While people can follow syllogisms and inductions, they connect with examples and enthymemes. It is the common ground upon which persuasion can occur. Weaver further states that this is why Hellenistic rationalism died out and Christianity spread far and wide -- Jesus appealed to feelings, ideas, and hopes that Hellenistic rationalism could or would not. Weaver goes on to argue against the semantics--those who believe only in dialectic and that each word should have its appropriate definition and words without a secure definition should not be used--using the same principles discussed above. He ends by saying that rhetoric will survive dialectic attack.

== "The Layout of Arguments" by Stephen Toulmin ==

In “The Layout of Arguments,” Stephen Toulmin’s thesis is that a new framework is needed for argumentation, as an alternative to the syllogism. The framework (or layout) he proposes involves a claim made due to some data, a warrant (often implicit) given to support the inference of the claim from the data, possibly a qualification added to the claim along with conditions of exception, and backing supplied to provide sufficient grounds for a warrant. Toulmin claims that the syllogism is too ambiguous because, for instance, universal premises (such as “All men are mortal”) do not properly distinguish between warrant and backing. Additionally, with a syllogism one cannot always tell whether a universal premise is true only in theory or in existential, empirical fact. Toulmin explains that logicians have too long relied on the syllogism and that in doing so they have forced arguments into a mold that doesn’t take into account subtle distinctions.

== “In Lieu of a New Rhetoric” by Richard Ohmann ==

In “In Lieu of a New Rhetoric,” Richard Ohmann starts by acknowledging the past perceptions of rhetoric as a “mysterious power” and as a “calculated procedure” bond in the similar characteristic of dealing with persuasion (298). He continues by contrasting the views of many of the new rhetoricians like I.A. Richards, Daniel Fogarty, and Richard Weaver--to name a few. He then states his purpose: “suggest one way in which contemporary ideas of rhetoric...resemble each other more than any of them resembles older ideas” (300). This similarity between the contemporary ideas is that they open the term rhetoric to incorporate a broader spectrum of linguistic activity; this is different from the classical view of rhetoric as persuasion. Ohmann outlines these relationships using five aspects: the relationship between the rhetor and the audience in which new rhetoric encompasses a more mutual relationship, rhetoric as a pursuit versus the transmission of truth, candor as a necessary condition of making rhetoric, the attribution of how much a work reflects the author (only in style says new rhetoricians), and rhetoric reflecting the concepts of a world view (of the world, community, group, or an individual). Ohmann continues to discuss rhetoric in terms of teaching freshman-level college students. He states that the current methods of grammarian rules, etc. are not affective in the classroom. Rather, he proposes a “four-part framework” for teaching freshman. First, the students must understand “the relationship between a piece of writing and its content.Then, they should be taught the “relationship between a piece of writing and its author” and its relationship with the audience (304). And, final idea they should learn is that of the world views previously discussed by Ohmann.

== "Argument as Emergence, Rhetoric as Love" by Jim W. Corder ==

In “Argument as Emergence, Rhetoric as Love,” Jim W. Corder claims that we are all constantly creating and adapting our own narratives and arguments as we live our lives. However, sometimes we will come across the narrative/argument of another that conflicts with or undermines ours. What to do in such a situation? Corder first references the therapeutic techniques of Carl Rogers, which were adapted to a rhetorical philosophy based on mutual understanding of the positions of each rhetor. But Corder thinks this isn’t sufficient to resolve some conflicts, as with heated political issues like abortion or war. In these situations he proposes we “see each other,” “know each other,” “be present to each other,” and “embrace each other” (421). As he writes, argument is not a display or presentation; it is an emergence towards the other: rhetoric should allow for a more commodious space in which conflicting views can coexist. Corder offers a variety of ways to facilitate this, such as learning to argue provisionally, or to remain “perpetually open and always closing” (425).

Resources

2011-02-03T19:50:51Z

Carl: /* Conferences */

This page is a place to post helpful resources for students enrolled in ENGW 4341. As you find interesting websites, academic databases, videos, etc., add them to this page. If your resource doesn't fit into one of the preexisting categories, feel free to create a new category.

== On-Campus Resources ==
* [http://libr.stedwards.edu/ Library]
* [http://www.stedwards.edu/writing/index.html Writing Center]
*

== Scholarly Journals ==
* [http://www.ncte.org/journals/ce College English]
* [http://www.ncte.org/cccc/ccc College Composition and Communication]
* [http://computersandcomposition.osu.edu/ Computers and Composition]
* [http://www.bgsu.edu/cconline/ Computers and Composition Online]
* [http://www.tandf.co.uk/journals/titles/10572252.asp Technical Communication Quarterly]
* [http://english.ttu.edu/kairos/ Kairos]
* [http://www.associationdatabase.com/aws/RSA/pt/sp/rsq Rhetoric Society Quarterly]
* [http://www.tandf.co.uk/journals/RQJS Quarterly Journal of Speech]

== Professional Organizations ==
* [http://www.associationdatabase.com/aws/RSA/pt/sp/Home_Page Rhetoric Society of America]
* [http://www.ncte.org/ National Council of Teachers of English]
* [http://www.attw.org/ Association of Teachers of Technical Writing]
* [http://wpacouncil.org/ Council of Writing Program Administrators]
* [http://www.businesscommunication.org/ Association for Business Communication]

== Conferences ==
* [http://www.ncte.org/cccc Conference on College Composition and Communication]
* [http://www.associationdatabase.com/aws/RSA/pt/sp/conferences Rhetoric Society of America]
* [http://louisville.edu/conference/watson Watson]
* [http://www.utexas.edu/cola/depts/english/TILTS/TILTS.php TILTS]
*

== Blogs ==
* [http://www.stephenfry.com/ The New Adventures of Stephen Fry]
*

== Listservs ==
*
*

Resources

2011-02-03T19:44:35Z

Carl: /* Conferences */

This page is a place to post helpful resources for students enrolled in ENGW 4341. As you find interesting websites, academic databases, videos, etc., add them to this page. If your resource doesn't fit into one of the preexisting categories, feel free to create a new category.

== On-Campus Resources ==
* [http://libr.stedwards.edu/ Library]
* [http://www.stedwards.edu/writing/index.html Writing Center]
*

== Scholarly Journals ==
* [http://www.ncte.org/journals/ce College English]
* [http://www.ncte.org/cccc/ccc College Composition and Communication]
* [http://computersandcomposition.osu.edu/ Computers and Composition]
* [http://www.bgsu.edu/cconline/ Computers and Composition Online]
* [http://www.tandf.co.uk/journals/titles/10572252.asp Technical Communication Quarterly]
* [http://english.ttu.edu/kairos/ Kairos]
* [http://www.associationdatabase.com/aws/RSA/pt/sp/rsq Rhetoric Society Quarterly]
* [http://www.tandf.co.uk/journals/RQJS Quarterly Journal of Speech]

== Professional Organizations ==
* [http://www.associationdatabase.com/aws/RSA/pt/sp/Home_Page Rhetoric Society of America]
* [http://www.ncte.org/ National Council of Teachers of English]
* [http://www.attw.org/ Association of Teachers of Technical Writing]
* [http://wpacouncil.org/ Council of Writing Program Administrators]
* [http://www.businesscommunication.org/ Association for Business Communication]

== Conferences ==
* [http://www.ncte.org/cccc Conference on College Composition and Communication]
* [http://www.associationdatabase.com/aws/RSA/pt/sp/conferences Rhetoric Society of America]
* [http://louisville.edu/conference/watson Watson]
* TILTS
*

== Blogs ==
* [http://www.stephenfry.com/ The New Adventures of Stephen Fry]
*

== Listservs ==
*
*

Resources

2011-02-03T19:40:28Z

Carl: /* Professional Organizations */

This page is a place to post helpful resources for students enrolled in ENGW 4341. As you find interesting websites, academic databases, videos, etc., add them to this page. If your resource doesn't fit into one of the preexisting categories, feel free to create a new category.

== On-Campus Resources ==
* [http://libr.stedwards.edu/ Library]
* [http://www.stedwards.edu/writing/index.html Writing Center]
*

== Scholarly Journals ==
* [http://www.ncte.org/journals/ce College English]
* [http://www.ncte.org/cccc/ccc College Composition and Communication]
* [http://computersandcomposition.osu.edu/ Computers and Composition]
* [http://www.bgsu.edu/cconline/ Computers and Composition Online]
* [http://www.tandf.co.uk/journals/titles/10572252.asp Technical Communication Quarterly]
* [http://english.ttu.edu/kairos/ Kairos]
* [http://www.associationdatabase.com/aws/RSA/pt/sp/rsq Rhetoric Society Quarterly]
* [http://www.tandf.co.uk/journals/RQJS Quarterly Journal of Speech]

== Professional Organizations ==
* [http://www.associationdatabase.com/aws/RSA/pt/sp/Home_Page Rhetoric Society of America]
* [http://www.ncte.org/ National Council of Teachers of English]
* [http://www.attw.org/ Association of Teachers of Technical Writing]
* [http://wpacouncil.org/ Council of Writing Program Administrators]
* [http://www.businesscommunication.org/ Association for Business Communication]

== Conferences ==
* Conference on College Composition and Communication
* Rhetoric Society of America
* Watson
* TILTS
*

== Blogs ==
* [http://www.stephenfry.com/ The New Adventures of Stephen Fry]
*

== Listservs ==
*
*

Resources

2011-02-03T19:37:09Z

Carl: /* Scholarly Journals */

This page is a place to post helpful resources for students enrolled in ENGW 4341. As you find interesting websites, academic databases, videos, etc., add them to this page. If your resource doesn't fit into one of the preexisting categories, feel free to create a new category.

== On-Campus Resources ==
* [http://libr.stedwards.edu/ Library]
* [http://www.stedwards.edu/writing/index.html Writing Center]
*

== Scholarly Journals ==
* [http://www.ncte.org/journals/ce College English]
* [http://www.ncte.org/cccc/ccc College Composition and Communication]
* [http://computersandcomposition.osu.edu/ Computers and Composition]
* [http://www.bgsu.edu/cconline/ Computers and Composition Online]
* [http://www.tandf.co.uk/journals/titles/10572252.asp Technical Communication Quarterly]
* [http://english.ttu.edu/kairos/ Kairos]
* [http://www.associationdatabase.com/aws/RSA/pt/sp/rsq Rhetoric Society Quarterly]
* [http://www.tandf.co.uk/journals/RQJS Quarterly Journal of Speech]

== Professional Organizations ==
* Rhetoric Society of America
* National Council of Teachers of English
* Association of Teachers of Technical Writing
* Council of Writing Program Administrators
* Association for Business Communication

== Conferences ==
* Conference on College Composition and Communication
* Rhetoric Society of America
* Watson
* TILTS
*

== Blogs ==
* [http://www.stephenfry.com/ The New Adventures of Stephen Fry]
*

== Listservs ==
*
*

Resources

2011-02-03T19:29:01Z

Carl: /* On-Campus Resources */

Resources

2011-02-03T19:28:43Z

Carl: /* On-Campus Resources */

RhetorClick - User contributions [en]

Dramatistic Pentad

Dramatistic Pentad

Toulmin Model of Argument

Toulmin Model of Argument

Polyphony

Noble Rhetoric

User:Carl

Toulmin Model of Argument

User:Carl

Unfinalizability

Polyphony

User:Carl

User:Carl

Theories and Movements

Theories and Movements

Theories and Movements

Theories and Movements

Theories and Movements

User:Carl

Noble Rhetoric

Theories and Movements

Dramatistic Pentad

Theories and Movements

Theories and Movements

Theories and Movements

Directory

Article Summaries

Article Summaries

Article Summaries

Article Summaries

Resources

Resources

Resources

Resources

Resources

Resources