RhetorClick - User contributions [en]

User:KennyD

2012-04-17T15:53:27Z

KennyD:

I have a long history of not writing personal biographies. My tradition is broken with this personal biography. Damn.

My largest contribution (in addition to desultory housekeeping across the wiki) was creating and filling the author pages for Richard Vatz, LLoyd Bitzer, David Bartholomae, and Janet Emig. I also created and filled the article summaries for all of those author's articles.

*Specified definitions of dialectic and historicity on Richard Weaver's article "The Cultural Role of Rhetoric"
*Placed Richard Weaver into the Conservatism movement.
*Defined “Historicity”
*Created an author page for Richard Vatz.
*Added a biography for Richard Vatz.
*Added content for the “additional works section” under Richard Vatz.
*Added a link for further readings
*Created an article page for Richard Vat's article "The Myth of the Rhetorical Situation."
*Added an abstract for "The Myth of the Rhetorical Situation."
*Added a summary for "The Myth of the Rhetorical Situation."
*Defined “salience” from "The Myth of the Rhetorical Situation."
*Created an author page for Lloyd Bitzer.
*Added a biography for Lloyd Bitzer.
*Added content for the “additional works section” under Lloyd Bitzer.
*Added further readings under Lloyd Bitzer.
*Created an article page for Lloyd Bitzer's article "The Rhetorical Situation."
*Added an abstract for "The Rhetorical Situation."
*Added a summary for "The Rhetorical Situation."
*Created a definition for the term "Exigence"
*Created a definition for the term "Constraints"
*Created an author page for David Bartholomae.
*Added a biography for David Bartholomae.
*Added content for the “additional works section” under David Bartholomae.
*Added further readings under David Bartholomae.
*Created an article page for David Bartholomae’s article "Inventing the University."
*Added an abstract for "Inventing the University."
*Added a summary for "Inventing the University."
*Created an author page for Janet Emig.
*Added a biography for Janet Emig.
*Added content for the “additional works section” under Janet Emig.
*Added further readings under Janet Emig.
*Created an article page for Janet Emig’s article "Writing as a Mode of Learning."
*Added an abstract for "Writing as a Mode of Learning."
*Added a summary for "Writing as a Mode of Learning."

User:KennyD

2012-04-17T15:51:06Z

KennyD:

I have a long history of not writing personal biographies. My tradition is broken with this personal biography. Damn.

My largest contribution (in addition to desultory housekeeping across the wiki) was creating and filling the author pages for Richard Vatz, LLoyd Bitzer, David Bartholomae, and Janet Emig. I also created and filled the article summaries for all of those author's articles.

• Specified definitions of dialectic and historicity on Richard Weaver's article "The Cultural Role of Rhetoric"
• Placed Richard Weaver into the Conservatism movement.
• Defined “Historicity”
• Created an author page for Richard Vatz.
• Added a biography for Richard Vatz.
• Added content for the “additional works section” under Richard Vatz.
• Added a link for further readings
• Created an article page for Richard Vat's article "The Myth of the Rhetorical Situation."
• Added an abstract for "The Myth of the Rhetorical Situation."
• Added a summary for "The Myth of the Rhetorical Situation."
• Defined “salience” from "The Myth of the Rhetorical Situation."
• Created an author page for Lloyd Bitzer.
• Added a biography for Lloyd Bitzer.
• Added content for the “additional works section” under Lloyd Bitzer.
• Added further readings under Lloyd Bitzer.
• Created an article page for Lloyd Bitzer's article "The Rhetorical Situation."
• Added an abstract for "The Rhetorical Situation."
• Added a summary for "The Rhetorical Situation."
• Created a definition for the term "Exigence"
• Created a definition for the term "Constraints"
• Created an author page for David Bartholomae.
• Added a biography for David Bartholomae.
• Added content for the “additional works section” under David Bartholomae.
• Added further readings under David Bartholomae.
• Created an article page for David Bartholomae’s article "Inventing the University."
• Added an abstract for "Inventing the University."
• Added a summary for "Inventing the University."
• Created an author page for Janet Emig.
• Added a biography for Janet Emig.
• Added content for the “additional works section” under Janet Emig.
• Added further readings under Janet Emig.
• Created an article page for Janet Emig’s article "Writing as a Mode of Learning."
• Added an abstract for "Writing as a Mode of Learning."
• Added a summary for "Writing as a Mode of Learning."

Janet Emig

2012-04-17T15:46:51Z

KennyD: /* Further Readings */

== Biography ==

The accomplishments of Janet Emig constitute perhaps the most influential contribution to the study of how humans compose discourse and how teachers should help them. Her background prepared her for her initial goal of becoming a medical doctor, but she was determined to study literature because of its enduring interest to her. As a graduate student at the University of Michigan, she was influenced by a teacher who emphasized the revision process in writing. Here, however, Janet Emig encountered sexism and was not accepted into the doctoral program. She proceeded to teach high school, and began experimenting with conferencing with students. Emig became involved in the National Council of Teachers of English, attended a Conference on College Composition and Communication convention, and was influenced by Priscilla Tyler, with whom she later studied. Emig then enrolled at Harvard and quickly took over the writing program when others involved left, but encountered difficulty in completing her dissertation due to lack of leadership. Emig taught and was denied tenure at both the University of Chicago and Lethbridge University in Canada, denials which appeared related to her gender and/or a lack of esteem for the study of composition. Finally, she moved to Rutgers, where she has remained. Seven themes emerge throughout her corpus of work: (1) an interest in pedagogy; (2) writing as process and the complexities of composing; (3) the developmental aspects of composing; (4) physiological aspects of composition; (5) the didactic functions of writing; (6) a constructivist philosophy of writing; and (7) the academic profession. <ref>http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/search/detailmini.jsp?_nfpb=true&_&ERICExtSearch_SearchValue_0=ED345278&ERICExtSearch_SearchType_0=no&accno=ED345278</ref>

== Article Summaries ==

[[Emig, Janet "Writing as a Mode of Learning"]] [http://www.jstor.org/stable/356095?seq=2 full text]

== Additional Works/ Publications ==

==== Books ====

==== Articles/Essays ====

== Further Readings ==

[http://wac.colostate.edu/books/bazerman_wac/chapter5.pdf "Writing to Learn"]

== Other Scholarly Views ==

==== Agreement ====

==== Opposition ====

== References ==

<references>

== External Links ==

David Bartholomae

2012-04-17T15:44:55Z

KennyD: /* Further Readings */

== Biography ==

David Bartholomae was born in 1948. He received his PhD from Rutgers University in 1975. He is a Professor of English and a former Chair of the English Department at the University of Pittsburgh. is primary research interest are in Composition, Literacy and Pedagogy, although his work engages scholarship in Rhetoric and in American Literature/American Studies. <ref>http://www.composition.pitt.edu/people/faculty/bartholomae/index.html</ref>

== Article Summaries ==

[[Bartholomae, David "Inventing the University"]] [http://www.firstyearwriting.wikispaces.com/file/.../Inventing+the+University.pdf full text]

== Additional Works/ Publications ==

==== Books ====

"Writing on the Margins: Essays on Composition and Teaching"<ref>"Writing on the Margins: Essays on Composition and Teaching" (Hardcover: Palgrave/Macmillan; Softcover: Bedford/St. Martins), 2005.</ref>

"The Teaching of Writing: The Eighty fifth Yearbook of the National Society for the Study of Education"<ref>"The Teaching of Writing: The Eighty fifth Yearbook of the National Society for the Study of Education," ed. with Anthony R. Petrosky (Chicago: NSSE and The University of Chicago Press, 1986).</ref>

"Facts, Artifacts and Counterfacts: Reading and Writing in Theory and Practice"<ref>"Facts, Artifacts and Counterfacts: Reading and Writing in Theory and Practice," with Anthony R. Petrosky (Montclair, NJ: Boynton/Cook, 1986).</ref>

"Ways of Reading: Words and Images"<ref>"Ways of Reading: Words and Images," with Anthony R. Petrosky (Boston: Bedford Books, 2003).</ref>

"Reading the Lives of Others: History and Ethnography"<ref>"Reading the Lives of Others: History and Ethnography," with Anthony R. Petrosky (Boston: Bedford Books, 1994).</ref>

"Ways of Reading: An Anthology for Writers"<ref>"Ways of Reading: An Anthology for Writers," with Anthony R. Petrosky (Boston: Bedford Books, 1987). Seven editions.</ref>

==== Articles/Essays ====

== Further Readings ==

[http://composingthoughts.qwriting.org/files/2011/01/Bartholomae.assign.pdf "Writing Assignments: Where Writing Begins"]

[http://scribe.richmond.edu/training/383/383restricted/Bartholomae.pdf "The Study of Error"]

== Other Scholarly Views ==

==== Agreement ====

==== Opposition ====

== References ==

== External Links ==

<references>

Emig, Janet "Writing as a Mode of Learning"

2012-04-17T15:41:52Z

KennyD: /* Summary */

==Abstract==

[[Janet Emig]] makes the argument that writing represents a unique mode of learning. It different from talking, listening, and reading, other forms of composing, and composing in other graphic symbol systems. She gives authority to writing over these other methods of learning because writing is the most available.<ref>http://blog.lib.umn.edu/flash001/EngL5630sp06/2006/02/summary_for_janet_emigs_writin.html</ref>

==Summary==

Janet Emig makes the argument that writing represents a unique mode of learning. It different from talking, listening, and reading, other forms of composing, and composing in other graphic symbol systems. She gives authority to writing over these other methods of learning because writing is the most available. She further emphasizes writing’s importance by differentiating the nature of writing from listen, reading, and most importantly, talking while noting a problem in courses that primarily focus on reading and listening. Reading and listening are passive functions while writing and talking are active. She makes an important distinction between writing and talking, arguing that writing is a unique language function.
Drawing on sources as varied as Jean Piaget, John-Paul Sartre and Robert Pirsig, Emig attempts to clarify her thesis by defining learning from different disciplines and by drawing on the relationship of writing to learning as an active, organic process that follows the pace of the writer and engages the whole person. Writing is a unique mode of learning for Emig because it is both process and product—it allows for constant feedback and reinforcement of process while continuously displaying the written product. This constant back-and-forth of process and product, work and reward, is what makes writing so central to learning. She writes, “If the most efficacious learning occurs when learning is re-enforced, then writing through its inherent re-inforcing cycle involving hand, eye, and brain marks a uniquely powerful multi-representational mode for learning.” <ref> http://blog.lib.umn.edu/flash001/EngL5630sp06/2006/02/summary_for_janet_emigs_writin.html </ref>

==Possible Implications==

== Glossary Terms ==

==References==

<references>

Emig, Janet "Writing as a Mode of Learning"

2012-04-17T15:39:13Z

KennyD: /* References */

Emig, Janet "Writing as a Mode of Learning"

2012-04-17T15:37:11Z

KennyD: /* Abstract */

Emig, Janet "Writing as a Mode of Learning"

2012-04-17T15:32:04Z

KennyD: Created page with "==Abstract== ==Summary== ==Possible Implications== == Glossary Terms == ==References=="

==Abstract==

==Summary==

==Possible Implications==

== Glossary Terms ==

==References==

Janet Emig

2012-04-17T15:29:44Z

KennyD: /* Biography */

== Biography ==

The accomplishments of Janet Emig constitute perhaps the most influential contribution to the study of how humans compose discourse and how teachers should help them. Her background prepared her for her initial goal of becoming a medical doctor, but she was determined to study literature because of its enduring interest to her. As a graduate student at the University of Michigan, she was influenced by a teacher who emphasized the revision process in writing. Here, however, Janet Emig encountered sexism and was not accepted into the doctoral program. She proceeded to teach high school, and began experimenting with conferencing with students. Emig became involved in the National Council of Teachers of English, attended a Conference on College Composition and Communication convention, and was influenced by Priscilla Tyler, with whom she later studied. Emig then enrolled at Harvard and quickly took over the writing program when others involved left, but encountered difficulty in completing her dissertation due to lack of leadership. Emig taught and was denied tenure at both the University of Chicago and Lethbridge University in Canada, denials which appeared related to her gender and/or a lack of esteem for the study of composition. Finally, she moved to Rutgers, where she has remained. Seven themes emerge throughout her corpus of work: (1) an interest in pedagogy; (2) writing as process and the complexities of composing; (3) the developmental aspects of composing; (4) physiological aspects of composition; (5) the didactic functions of writing; (6) a constructivist philosophy of writing; and (7) the academic profession. <ref>http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/search/detailmini.jsp?_nfpb=true&_&ERICExtSearch_SearchValue_0=ED345278&ERICExtSearch_SearchType_0=no&accno=ED345278</ref>

== Article Summaries ==

[[Emig, Janet "Writing as a Mode of Learning"]] [http://www.jstor.org/stable/356095?seq=2 full text]

== Additional Works/ Publications ==

==== Books ====

==== Articles/Essays ====

== Further Readings ==

== Other Scholarly Views ==

==== Agreement ====

==== Opposition ====

== References ==

<references>

== External Links ==

Janet Emig

2012-04-17T15:27:39Z

KennyD: /* Article Summaries */

== Biography ==

== Article Summaries ==

[[Emig, Janet "Writing as a Mode of Learning"]] [http://www.jstor.org/stable/356095?seq=2 full text]

== Additional Works/ Publications ==

==== Books ====

==== Articles/Essays ====

== Further Readings ==

== Other Scholarly Views ==

==== Agreement ====

==== Opposition ====

== References ==

<references>

== External Links ==

Janet Emig

2012-04-17T15:27:05Z

KennyD: Created page with "== Biography == == Article Summaries == Emig, Janet "Writing as a Mode of Learning" == Additional Works/ Publications == ==== Books ==== ==== Articles/Essays ==== == Fu..."

== Biography ==

== Article Summaries ==

[[Emig, Janet "Writing as a Mode of Learning"]]

== Additional Works/ Publications ==

==== Books ====

==== Articles/Essays ====

== Further Readings ==

== Other Scholarly Views ==

==== Agreement ====

==== Opposition ====

== References ==

<references>

== External Links ==

Authors

2012-04-17T15:24:57Z

KennyD: /* E-H */

All authors are organized by their last names. Just click on the corresponding letter.

[[Author Page template]]

== A-D ==

*[[Aristotle]]
*[[Mikhail_Bakhtin|Bakhtin, Mikhail]]
*[[Cheryl_E._Ball|Ball, Cheryl E.]]
*[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dennis_Baron Baron, Dennis]
*[[Roland_Barthes|Barthes, Roland]]
*[[David_Bartholomae|Bartholomae, David]]
*[[James Berlin|Berlin, James]]
*[[Lloyd_Bitzer|Bitzer, Lloyd]]
*[[Patricia_Bizzell|Bizzell, Patricia]]
*[[Stuart_Blythe|Blythe, Stuart]]
*[[Brent_Douglas|Brent, Douglas]]
*[[Donald_C._Bryant|Bryant, Donald C.]]
*[[Bormann_Ernest_G.|Bormann, Ernest G.]]
*[[Kenneth_Burke|Burke, Kenneth]]
*[[Jim_W._Corder|Corder, Jim W.]]
*[[Kevin_Eric_DePew|DePew, Kevin Eric]]
*[[Susan_Delagrange|Delagrange, Susan]]
*[[Douglas_Downs|Downs, Douglas]]

== E-H ==

*[[Lisa_S._Ede|Ede, Lisa S.]]
*[[Douglas_Ehninger|Ehninger, Douglas]]
*[[Doug_Eyman|Eyman, Doug]]
*[[Janet_Emig|Emig, Janet]]
*[[Walter_Fisher|Fisher, Walter]]
*[[Michel_Foucault|Foucault, Michel]]
*[[Michael_S._Halloran|Halloran, Michael S.]]
*[[Bill_Hart-Davidson|Hart-Davidson, Bill]]
*[[Lory Hawkes|Hawkes, Lory]]
*[[Amy Kimme Hea|Hea, Amy Kimme]]

== I-L ==

*[[Henry_Jenkins|Jenkins, Henry]]
*[[Johndan_Johnson-Eilola|Johnson-Eilola, Johndan]]
*[[Steven_D._Krause|Krause, Steven D.]]
*[[John_Logie|Logie, John]]
*[[Andrea_A._Lunsford|Lunsford, Andrea A.]]

== M-P ==

*[[Janice_McIntire-Strasburg|McIntire-Strasburg, Janice]]
*[[Richard_McKeon|McKeon, Richard]]
*[[Richard_Ohmann|Ohmann, Richard]]
*[[Mike_Palmquist|Palmquist, Mike]]
*[[Chaim_Perelman|Perelman, Chaim]]
*[[Plato]]

== Q-T ==

*[[Colleen_Reilly|Reilly, Colleen]]
*[[I._A._Richards|Richards, I. A.]]
*[[Rebecca_Rickly|Rickly, Rebecca]]
*[[Ferdinand_de_Saussure|Saussure, Ferdinand de]]
*[[Robert_L._Scott|Scott, Robert L.]]
*[[Cynthia_L._Selfe|Selfe, Cynthia L.]]
*[[Richard_J._Selfe_Jr.|Selfe, Richard L.]]
*[[Michelle_Sidler|Sidler, Michelle]]
*[[John_M._Slatin|Slatin, John M.]]
*[[Madeleine_Sorapure|Sorapure, Madeleine]]
*[[Stephen_Toulmin|Toulmin, Stephen]]

== U-Z ==

*[[Richard_Vatz|Vatz, Richard]]
*[[Elizabeth_Wardle|Wardle, Elizabeth]]
*[[Quinn_Warnick|Warnick, Quinn]]
*[[Richard_Weaver|Weaver, Richard]]
*[[Sean_D._Williams|Williams, Sean D.]]
*[[Kathleen_Blake_Yancey|Yancey, Kathleen Blake]]

Article Summaries

2012-04-17T15:24:18Z

KennyD: /* E-H */

This page links to in-depth article summaries from prominent authors in this field. Links are organized by author's last name.

[[Article Summary Template]]

== A-D ==
* [[Aristotle, Poetics]]
* [[Aristotle, Rhetoric]]
:
:
* [[Bakhtin, Mikhail "Toward a Methodology for the Human Sciences"]]
* [[Baron, Dennis "From Pencils to Pixels: The Stages of Literacy Technology"]]
* [[Barthes, Roland "Death of the Author"]]
* [[Blythe, Stuart "Coding Digital Texts and Multimedia"]]
* [[Bitzer, Lloyd "The Rhetorical Situation"]]
* [[Bizzell, Patricia "Arguing About Literacy"]]
* [[Bormann, Ernest G. "Symbolic Convergence Theory"]]
* [[Brent, Douglas "Rogerian Rhetoric: An Alternative to Traditional Rhetoric"]]
* [[Bryant, Donald C. "Rhetoric: Its Functions and Its Scope"]]
* [[Burke, Kenneth "Definition of Man"]]
:
:
* [[Corder, Jim W. "Argument as Emergence, Rhetoric as Love"]]
* [["CCCC Position Statement"]]
* [[Cope, Bill and Kalantzis, Mary. "A Grammar of Multimodality"]]
:
:
* [[Delagrange, Susan "When Reflection is Re-Design: Key Questions for Digital Scholarship"]]
* [[DePew, Kevin Eric “Through the Eyes of Researchers, Rhetors, and Audiences”]]
* [[Downs, Douglas and Elizabeth Wardle “Teaching About Writing, Righting Misconceptions: (Re)Envisioning 'First Year Composition' as 'Introduction to Writing Studies'”]]

== E-H ==
* [[Ede, Lisa S. and Andrea A. Lunsford "On Distinctions between Classical and Modern Rhetoric"]]
* [[Ehninger, Douglas "On Systems of Rhetoric"]]
*[[Emig, Janet "Writing as a Mode of Learning"]]
* [[Eyman, Doug and Colleen Reilly "Multifaceted Methods for Multimodal Texts"]]
:
:
* [[Fisher, Walter "Narration as a Human Communication Paradigm"]]
* [[Foucault, Michel "What Is an Author?"]]
:
* [[Hea, Amy C. Kimme "Riding The Wave"]]
* [[Halloran, Michael S. "On the End of Rhetoric: Classical and Modern"]]
* [[Hart-Davidson, Bill and Steven D. Krause “Re: The Future of Computers and Writing: A Multivocal Textumentary”]]
* [[Hawkes, Lory "Impact of Invasive Web Technologies on Digital Research"]]

== I-L ==
* [[Jenkins, Henry "Eight Traits of the New Media Landscape"]]
* [[Johnson-Eilola, Johndan “Negative Spaces: From Production to Connection in Composition”]]
:
:
* [[Logie, John “Champing at the Bits: Computers, Copyright, ad the Composition Classroom”]]
* [[Lunsford, Andrea and Lisa Ede "On Distinctions between Classical and Modern Rhetoric"]]

== M-P ==
* [[McIntire-Strasburg, Janice "Multimedia Research"]]
* [[McKeon, Richard “The Uses of Rhetoric in a Technological Age: Architectonic Productive Arts”]]
* [[Moeller, Ryan and David Christensen "System Mapping: A Genre Field Analysis of the National Science Foundation's Grant Proposal and Funding Process"]]
* [[Mooney, Annabelle "The Rhetoric of Cults: Intoduction"]]

:
:
* [[Ohmann, Richard “In Lieu of a New Rhetoric”]]
:
:
* [[Palmquist, Mike, Kate Kiefer, James Hartvigsen, and Barbara Goodlew "Contrasts: Teaching and Learning about Writing in Traditional and Computer Classrooms"]]
* [[Perelman, Chaïm "The New Rhetoric: A Theory of Practical Reasoning"]]

== Q-T ==
* [[Richards, I.A. "How to Read a Page"]]
* [[Rickly, Rebecca "Messy Contexts: Research as a Rhetorical Situation"]]
:
:
* [[Saussure, Ferdinand de "Nature of the Linguistic Sign"]]
* [[Scott, Robert L. "On Viewing Rhetoric as Epistemic"]]
* [[Sidler, Michelle "Playing Scavenger and Gazer with Scientific Discourse: Opportunities and Ethics for Online Research"]]
* [[Selfe, Cynthia L. & Richard J. Selfe Jr. "The Politics of the Interface: Power and Its Exercise in Electronic Contact Zones"]]
* [[Slatin, John M. "Reading Hypertext: Order and Coherence in a New Medium"]]
* [[Sorapure, Madeleine, Pamela Inglesby, and George Yatchisin "Web Literacy: Challenges and Opportunities for Research in a New Medium"]]
:
:
* [[Toulmin, Stephen "The Layout of Arguments"]]
== U-X ==
* [[Vatz, Richard "The Myth of the Rhetorical Situation]]
:
:
* [[Wardle, Elizabeth and Douglas Downs “Teaching About Writing, Righting Misconceptions: (Re)Envisioning 'First Year Composition' as 'Introduction to Writing Studies'”]]
* [[Weaver, Richard "The Cultural Role of Rhetoric]]
* [[Williams, Sean D. "Part 2: Toward an Integrated Composition Pedagogy in Hypertext"]]
== Y & Z ==
* [[Yancey, Kathleen Blake "Looking for Sources of Coherence in a Fragmented World: Notes toward a New Assessment Design"]]
* [[Yancey, Kathleen Blake "Made Not Only in Words: Composition in a New Key"]]

David Bartholomae

2012-04-17T15:19:40Z

KennyD: /* Books */

== Biography ==

David Bartholomae was born in 1948. He received his PhD from Rutgers University in 1975. He is a Professor of English and a former Chair of the English Department at the University of Pittsburgh. is primary research interest are in Composition, Literacy and Pedagogy, although his work engages scholarship in Rhetoric and in American Literature/American Studies. <ref>http://www.composition.pitt.edu/people/faculty/bartholomae/index.html</ref>

== Article Summaries ==

[[Bartholomae, David "Inventing the University"]] [http://www.firstyearwriting.wikispaces.com/file/.../Inventing+the+University.pdf full text]

== Additional Works/ Publications ==

==== Books ====

"Writing on the Margins: Essays on Composition and Teaching"<ref>"Writing on the Margins: Essays on Composition and Teaching" (Hardcover: Palgrave/Macmillan; Softcover: Bedford/St. Martins), 2005.</ref>

"The Teaching of Writing: The Eighty fifth Yearbook of the National Society for the Study of Education"<ref>"The Teaching of Writing: The Eighty fifth Yearbook of the National Society for the Study of Education," ed. with Anthony R. Petrosky (Chicago: NSSE and The University of Chicago Press, 1986).</ref>

"Facts, Artifacts and Counterfacts: Reading and Writing in Theory and Practice"<ref>"Facts, Artifacts and Counterfacts: Reading and Writing in Theory and Practice," with Anthony R. Petrosky (Montclair, NJ: Boynton/Cook, 1986).</ref>

"Ways of Reading: Words and Images"<ref>"Ways of Reading: Words and Images," with Anthony R. Petrosky (Boston: Bedford Books, 2003).</ref>

"Reading the Lives of Others: History and Ethnography"<ref>"Reading the Lives of Others: History and Ethnography," with Anthony R. Petrosky (Boston: Bedford Books, 1994).</ref>

"Ways of Reading: An Anthology for Writers"<ref>"Ways of Reading: An Anthology for Writers," with Anthony R. Petrosky (Boston: Bedford Books, 1987). Seven editions.</ref>

==== Articles/Essays ====

== Further Readings ==

== Other Scholarly Views ==

==== Agreement ====

==== Opposition ====

== References ==

== External Links ==

<references>

David Bartholomae

2012-04-17T15:14:08Z

KennyD: /* Article Summaries */

David Bartholomae

2012-04-17T15:12:42Z

KennyD: /* Article Summaries */

Bartholomae, David "Inventing the University"

2012-04-17T15:12:14Z

KennyD: /* Abstract */

==Abstract==

This essay by [[David Bartholomae]] is focused primarily on theories behind composition and discourse communities; however, there are some interesting relations to rhetoric and audience. Bartholomae claims that students that have just begun college have to write with an academic style they have never used previously. These writers are completely inexperienced in academia and therefore cannot write on the same level as academics.

==Summary==

Bartholomae believes a key part of a Composition teachers’ job is to do exactly what Bizzell (1982) urges: to “demistify” academic discourse for these academically inexperienced students. Although he admits that academic discourse can be mysterious even to academics, he still proposes some practical ideas for teaching it. He suggests teaching students commonplace terms and conventions of academic discourse. Students must learn their audience’s values.<ref> http://discoursecommunities.wordpress.com/2009/06/24/david-bartholomae-1985-inventing-the-university/</ref> By building bridges between student and professor, a common ground and respect can be achieved. It is difficult for students to attempt and succeed at breaking the authority of the audience. Before a student even begins to compose a piece in the University, he or she has to be completely comfortable and fluent in the code and idiosyncrasies of the audience. It is extremely important to have a clear understanding of the audience in order to get on the same level.

==Possible Implications==

== Glossary Terms ==

==References ==

<references>

Bartholomae, David "Inventing the University"

2012-04-17T15:10:03Z

KennyD: /* Summary */

==Abstract==

This essay is focused primarily on theories behind composition and discourse communities; however, there are some interesting relations to rhetoric and audience. Bartholomae claims that students that have just begun college have to write with an academic style they have never used previously. These writers are completely inexperienced in academia and therefore cannot write on the same level as academics.

==Summary==

Bartholomae believes a key part of a Composition teachers’ job is to do exactly what Bizzell (1982) urges: to “demistify” academic discourse for these academically inexperienced students. Although he admits that academic discourse can be mysterious even to academics, he still proposes some practical ideas for teaching it. He suggests teaching students commonplace terms and conventions of academic discourse. Students must learn their audience’s values.<ref> http://discoursecommunities.wordpress.com/2009/06/24/david-bartholomae-1985-inventing-the-university/</ref> By building bridges between student and professor, a common ground and respect can be achieved. It is difficult for students to attempt and succeed at breaking the authority of the audience. Before a student even begins to compose a piece in the University, he or she has to be completely comfortable and fluent in the code and idiosyncrasies of the audience. It is extremely important to have a clear understanding of the audience in order to get on the same level.

==Possible Implications==

== Glossary Terms ==

==References ==

<references>

Bartholomae, David "Inventing the University"

2012-04-17T15:06:51Z

KennyD: /* References */

==Abstract==

This essay is focused primarily on theories behind composition and discourse communities; however, there are some interesting relations to rhetoric and audience. Bartholomae claims that students that have just begun college have to write with an academic style they have never used previously. These writers are completely inexperienced in academia and therefore cannot write on the same level as academics.

==Summary==

Bartholomae believes a key part of a Composition teachers’ job is to do exactly what Bizzell (1982) urges: to “demistify” academic discourse for these academically inexperienced students. Although he admits that academic discourse can be mysterious even to academics, he still proposes some practical ideas for teaching it. First, he suggests teaching students commonplace terms and conventions of academic discourse. Students must learn their audience’s values.<ref> http://discoursecommunities.wordpress.com/2009/06/24/david-bartholomae-1985-inventing-the-university/</ref> By building bridges between student and professor, a common ground and respect can be achieved.

==Possible Implications==

== Glossary Terms ==

==References ==

<references>

Bartholomae, David "Inventing the University"

2012-04-17T15:06:31Z

KennyD:

==Abstract==

This essay is focused primarily on theories behind composition and discourse communities; however, there are some interesting relations to rhetoric and audience. Bartholomae claims that students that have just begun college have to write with an academic style they have never used previously. These writers are completely inexperienced in academia and therefore cannot write on the same level as academics.

==Summary==

Bartholomae believes a key part of a Composition teachers’ job is to do exactly what Bizzell (1982) urges: to “demistify” academic discourse for these academically inexperienced students. Although he admits that academic discourse can be mysterious even to academics, he still proposes some practical ideas for teaching it. First, he suggests teaching students commonplace terms and conventions of academic discourse. Students must learn their audience’s values.<ref> http://discoursecommunities.wordpress.com/2009/06/24/david-bartholomae-1985-inventing-the-university/</ref> By building bridges between student and professor, a common ground and respect can be achieved.

==Possible Implications==

== Glossary Terms ==

==References ==

Bartholomae, David "Inventing the University"

2012-04-17T15:04:21Z

KennyD: Created page with "==Abstract== This essay is focused primarily on theories behind composition and discourse communities; however, there are some interesting relations to rhetoric and audience. Ba..."

==Abstract==

This essay is focused primarily on theories behind composition and discourse communities; however, there are some interesting relations to rhetoric and audience. Bartholomae claims that students that have just begun college have to write with an academic style they have never used previously. These writers are completely inexperienced in academia and therefore cannot write on the same level as academics.

==Summary==

Bartholomae believes a key part of a Composition teachers’ job is to do exactly what Bizzell (1982) urges: to “demistify” academic discourse for these academically inexperienced students. Although he admits that academic discourse can be mysterious even to academics, he still proposes some practical ideas for teaching it. First, he suggests teaching students commonplace terms and conventions of academic discourse. Students must learn their audience’s values.<ref> http://discoursecommunities.wordpress.com/2009/06/24/david-bartholomae-1985-inventing-the-university/</ref> By building bridges between student and professor, a common ground and respect can be achieved.

==Possible Implications==

== Glossary Terms ==

David Bartholomae

2012-04-17T14:50:45Z

KennyD: /* Article Summaries */

David Bartholomae

2012-04-17T11:52:59Z

KennyD: /* External Links */

David Bartholomae

2012-04-17T11:52:41Z

KennyD: /* Biography */

David Bartholomae

2012-04-17T10:41:17Z

KennyD: Created page with "== Biography == == Article Summaries == == Additional Works/ Publications == ==== Books ==== ==== Articles/Essays ==== == Further Readings == == Other Scholarly Views == =..."

== Biography ==

== Article Summaries ==

== Additional Works/ Publications ==

==== Books ====

==== Articles/Essays ====

== Further Readings ==

== Other Scholarly Views ==

==== Agreement ====

==== Opposition ====

== References ==

== External Links ==

Authors

2012-04-17T10:37:18Z

KennyD: /* A-D */

All authors are organized by their last names. Just click on the corresponding letter.

[[Author Page template]]

== A-D ==

*[[Aristotle]]
*[[Mikhail_Bakhtin|Bakhtin, Mikhail]]
*[[Cheryl_E._Ball|Ball, Cheryl E.]]
*[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dennis_Baron Baron, Dennis]
*[[Roland_Barthes|Barthes, Roland]]
*[[David_Bartholomae|Bartholomae, David]]
*[[James Berlin|Berlin, James]]
*[[Lloyd_Bitzer|Bitzer, Lloyd]]
*[[Patricia_Bizzell|Bizzell, Patricia]]
*[[Stuart_Blythe|Blythe, Stuart]]
*[[Brent_Douglas|Brent, Douglas]]
*[[Donald_C._Bryant|Bryant, Donald C.]]
*[[Bormann_Ernest_G.|Bormann, Ernest G.]]
*[[Kenneth_Burke|Burke, Kenneth]]
*[[Jim_W._Corder|Corder, Jim W.]]
*[[Kevin_Eric_DePew|DePew, Kevin Eric]]
*[[Susan_Delagrange|Delagrange, Susan]]
*[[Douglas_Downs|Downs, Douglas]]

== E-H ==

*[[Lisa_S._Ede|Ede, Lisa S.]]
*[[Douglas_Ehninger|Ehninger, Douglas]]
*[[Doug_Eyman|Eyman, Doug]]
*[[Walter_Fisher|Fisher, Walter]]
*[[Michel_Foucault|Foucault, Michel]]
*[[Michael_S._Halloran|Halloran, Michael S.]]
*[[Bill_Hart-Davidson|Hart-Davidson, Bill]]
*[[Lory Hawkes|Hawkes, Lory]]
*[[Amy Kimme Hea|Hea, Amy Kimme]]

== I-L ==

*[[Henry_Jenkins|Jenkins, Henry]]
*[[Johndan_Johnson-Eilola|Johnson-Eilola, Johndan]]
*[[Steven_D._Krause|Krause, Steven D.]]
*[[John_Logie|Logie, John]]
*[[Andrea_A._Lunsford|Lunsford, Andrea A.]]

== M-P ==

*[[Janice_McIntire-Strasburg|McIntire-Strasburg, Janice]]
*[[Richard_McKeon|McKeon, Richard]]
*[[Richard_Ohmann|Ohmann, Richard]]
*[[Mike_Palmquist|Palmquist, Mike]]
*[[Chaim_Perelman|Perelman, Chaim]]
*[[Plato]]

== Q-T ==

*[[Colleen_Reilly|Reilly, Colleen]]
*[[I._A._Richards|Richards, I. A.]]
*[[Rebecca_Rickly|Rickly, Rebecca]]
*[[Ferdinand_de_Saussure|Saussure, Ferdinand de]]
*[[Robert_L._Scott|Scott, Robert L.]]
*[[Cynthia_L._Selfe|Selfe, Cynthia L.]]
*[[Richard_J._Selfe_Jr.|Selfe, Richard L.]]
*[[Michelle_Sidler|Sidler, Michelle]]
*[[John_M._Slatin|Slatin, John M.]]
*[[Madeleine_Sorapure|Sorapure, Madeleine]]
*[[Stephen_Toulmin|Toulmin, Stephen]]

== U-Z ==

*[[Richard_Vatz|Vatz, Richard]]
*[[Elizabeth_Wardle|Wardle, Elizabeth]]
*[[Quinn_Warnick|Warnick, Quinn]]
*[[Richard_Weaver|Weaver, Richard]]
*[[Sean_D._Williams|Williams, Sean D.]]
*[[Kathleen_Blake_Yancey|Yancey, Kathleen Blake]]

Authors

2012-04-17T10:35:42Z

KennyD:

All authors are organized by their last names. Just click on the corresponding letter.

[[Author Page template]]

== A-D ==

*[[Aristotle]]
*[[Mikhail_Bakhtin|Bakhtin, Mikhail]]
*[[Cheryl_E._Ball|Ball, Cheryl E.]]
*[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dennis_Baron Baron, Dennis]
*[[Roland_Barthes|Barthes, Roland]]
*[[David Bartholomae]]
*[[James Berlin|Berlin, James]]
*[[Lloyd_Bitzer|Bitzer, Lloyd]]
*[[Patricia_Bizzell|Bizzell, Patricia]]
*[[Stuart_Blythe|Blythe, Stuart]]
*[[Brent_Douglas|Brent, Douglas]]
*[[Donald_C._Bryant|Bryant, Donald C.]]
*[[Bormann_Ernest_G.|Bormann, Ernest G.]]
*[[Kenneth_Burke|Burke, Kenneth]]
*[[Jim_W._Corder|Corder, Jim W.]]
*[[Kevin_Eric_DePew|DePew, Kevin Eric]]
*[[Susan_Delagrange|Delagrange, Susan]]
*[[Douglas_Downs|Downs, Douglas]]

== E-H ==

*[[Lisa_S._Ede|Ede, Lisa S.]]
*[[Douglas_Ehninger|Ehninger, Douglas]]
*[[Doug_Eyman|Eyman, Doug]]
*[[Walter_Fisher|Fisher, Walter]]
*[[Michel_Foucault|Foucault, Michel]]
*[[Michael_S._Halloran|Halloran, Michael S.]]
*[[Bill_Hart-Davidson|Hart-Davidson, Bill]]
*[[Lory Hawkes|Hawkes, Lory]]
*[[Amy Kimme Hea|Hea, Amy Kimme]]

== I-L ==

*[[Henry_Jenkins|Jenkins, Henry]]
*[[Johndan_Johnson-Eilola|Johnson-Eilola, Johndan]]
*[[Steven_D._Krause|Krause, Steven D.]]
*[[John_Logie|Logie, John]]
*[[Andrea_A._Lunsford|Lunsford, Andrea A.]]

== M-P ==

*[[Janice_McIntire-Strasburg|McIntire-Strasburg, Janice]]
*[[Richard_McKeon|McKeon, Richard]]
*[[Richard_Ohmann|Ohmann, Richard]]
*[[Mike_Palmquist|Palmquist, Mike]]
*[[Chaim_Perelman|Perelman, Chaim]]
*[[Plato]]

== Q-T ==

*[[Colleen_Reilly|Reilly, Colleen]]
*[[I._A._Richards|Richards, I. A.]]
*[[Rebecca_Rickly|Rickly, Rebecca]]
*[[Ferdinand_de_Saussure|Saussure, Ferdinand de]]
*[[Robert_L._Scott|Scott, Robert L.]]
*[[Cynthia_L._Selfe|Selfe, Cynthia L.]]
*[[Richard_J._Selfe_Jr.|Selfe, Richard L.]]
*[[Michelle_Sidler|Sidler, Michelle]]
*[[John_M._Slatin|Slatin, John M.]]
*[[Madeleine_Sorapure|Sorapure, Madeleine]]
*[[Stephen_Toulmin|Toulmin, Stephen]]

== U-Z ==

*[[Richard_Vatz|Vatz, Richard]]
*[[Elizabeth_Wardle|Wardle, Elizabeth]]
*[[Quinn_Warnick|Warnick, Quinn]]
*[[Richard_Weaver|Weaver, Richard]]
*[[Sean_D._Williams|Williams, Sean D.]]
*[[Kathleen_Blake_Yancey|Yancey, Kathleen Blake]]

Bitzer, Lloyd "The Rhetorical Situation"

2012-04-17T10:27:45Z

KennyD: /* Abstract */

==Abstract==

In his article, “The Rhetorical Situation” [[Lloyd Bitzer]] claims that rhetorical discourse is the response to a rhetorical situation. There are three characteristics of a rhetorical situation.

*Exigence is the urgency for discourse to positively affect a situation.

*Audience is the group of people which can impact change that can be influenced by the discourse of the situation.

*Constraints that are comprised of persons and events that impact the exigence.

These three things have to be identified in order for rhetorical discourse crop up.

==Summary==

The rhetorical situation does not call a situation into existence, the situation calls rhetoric into existence. A situation is rhetorical when some specific situational circumstance requires the need for rhetoric. Rhetoric is needed when an audience must be pushed to do something. Bitzer defines a rhetorical with three key terms. Every rhetorical situation has exigence. Exigence is a problem that needs to be addressed and resolved by rhetoric. Rhetoric must find a solution for the problem or the situation is not rhetorical. This potential solution involves the second aspect: audience. A rhetorical situation in focused on reaching those with the power to facilitate change. The audience is the group of persons that can affect exigence. The audience must be able to work for and potentially manage change. The last requirement of a rhetorical situation is a set of constraints. Constraints are all the aspects of a situation that constrain decision and action. They are the obstacles that impede modifying the exigence.

The situation controls rhetoric. The situation controls the rhetorical response to the exigence.

==Possible Implications==

== Glossary Terms ==

Exigence

Constraints

Weaver, Richard "The Cultural Role of Rhetoric

2012-04-17T10:12:06Z

KennyD:

==Abstract==

“The Cultural Role of Rhetoric” by [[Richard Weaver]] argues his point that a combination of rhetoric and dialectic are needed to form the most persuasive speech. However, at the time the article was written, Weaver claimed that the “discourse that is favored today is without feeling and resonance." In other words, people were incorrectly relying on dialectic without rhetoric. Rhetoric relies on a shared history between people that brings them together. Weaver states that his thesis “is that a too exclusive reliance upon dialectic is a mistake of the most serious consequence because dialectic alone in the social realm is subversive." He believes that the danger of dialectic comes from its denial of historicity.

==Summary==

Rhetoric is the combination of passion and logic with a emphasis on human history. To emphasize this point he references a great historical event: the example of the trial of Socrates. He uses the trial to show that using just a dialectic approach will not connect with the people a person is appealing to in their speech. Socrates may have been the “greatest dialectician of his time”, but the way in which he spoke lacked feeling and brought “to minds of the audience the side of Socrates which had aroused enmity." His way of speaking did not connect with the audience and therefore they felt no sympathy or connection with him. People need to be “approached through certain ‘places’ or common perceptions of reality." Those who only use dialectic actually withdraw themselves from society. However, there are people now who believe that “it is improper for any person to try to persuade another person” and that the only speech stated should be pure facts. It is impossible to simply use the denotation and not the connotation of a word, though, and “what a word means is going to be determined by the whole context of the vocabulary." According to Weaver, rhetoric and not dialectic is what helped Christianity to thrive over Hellenic ideals because it provided talk of feelings and a historical moment as well. Weaver concludes by saying that “in the restored man dialectic and rhetoric will go along hand in hand as the regime of the human faculties intended that they should do" (89).

==Possible Implications==

== Glossary Terms ==

The following key terms are defined in the [[Glossary]]: axiological, chariot allegory, fallacious, historicity, nominalism, spatiotemporal

== References ==

== Further Readings ==
[[Richard Weaver]]

[http://rhetorclick.com/wiki/Theories_and_Movements#Conservatism Conservatism]

[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_M._Weaver Richard M. Weaver Wikipedia]

Richard Vatz

2012-04-17T10:07:56Z

KennyD: /* Biography */

== Biography ==

Richard Vatz was born in 1946. He received a Ph.D. in Rhetoric and Communication from the University of Pittsburgh in 1976. He is a professor in the Department of Mass Communication and Communication Studies at Towson University. He specializes in political rhetoric, psychiatry, rhetoric and public policy, media criticism <ref>http://pages.towson.edu/vatz/shortcvMay02.htm</ref>. He has had over two hundred and fifty articles and reviews in a variety of professional journals and newspapers<ref>http://pages.towson.edu/vatz/shortcvMay02.htm</ref>. According to Ratemyprofessors.com he has an 4.4 overall quality with no red chili peppers denoting hotness.

He has won a variety of teaching awards at Towson University, and is the longest serving member of Towson University's University Senate, 22 years at the end of his current term. He was the 1994 winner of The Thomas Szasz Award, awarded by the Center for Independent Thought and Laissez-Faire Books.Professor Vatz has commented on the above topics for local and national media, including CBS radio, Pat Buchanan's nationally syndicated radio show, William F. Buckley's "Firing Line," CNN's "Larry King Live" and "Crossfire," and "Donahue." In Baltimore, he has provided hundreds of 'expert' appearances on television stations WMAR, WJZ, WBFF, and WBAL-Radio over the last 20 years. <ref>http://drugwarfacts.org/cgi-bin/cgiwrap/drugfacts/experts.pl?i=205</ref>

== Article Summaries ==

[[Vatz, Richard "The Myth of the Rhetorical Situation]]

== Additional Works/Publications ==

==== Books ====

''The Only Authentic Book of Persuasion: The Salience-agenda/meaning-spin Model''. <ref> Vatz, Richard E. "The Only Authentic Book of Persuasion: The Salience-agenda/meaning-spin Model." Dubuque, IA: Kendall Hunt Pub., 2012. Print. </ref>

==== Articles/Essays ====

"The Myth of the Rhetorical Situation," <ref>Richard E. Vatz, "The Myth of the Rhetorical Situation," PHILOSOPHY AND RHETORIC (Summer, 1973)</ref>

"The Mythical Status of Situational Rhetoric: Implications for Rhetorical Critics' Relevance in the Public Arena."[http://pages.towson.edu/vatz/mythical_status_of_situation.htm Full Text]<ref>Vatz, Richard. "The Mythical Status of Situational Rhetoric: Implications for Rhetorical Critics' Relevance in the Public Arena." Review of Communication 9.1 (2009): 1-5. Print. </ref>

== Further Readings ==

== Other Scholarly Views ==

==== Agreement ====

==== Opposition ====

[[Lloyd Bitzer]]

== References ==

<references />

== External Links ==
* [http://pages.towson.edu/vatz/newcv2.htm Academic Background, Teaching Experience, Highlights, Books, Journal Articles and Book Chapters, Review Essays and Reviews, Correspondence, Editorials, Blogs, Conference Papers, and more]

Richard Vatz

2012-04-17T10:03:16Z

KennyD: /* Biography */

== Biography ==

Richard Vatz was born in 1946. He received a Ph.D. in Rhetoric and Communication from the University of Pittsburgh in 1976. He is a professor in the Department of Mass Communication and Communication Studies at Towson University. He specializes in political rhetoric, psychiatry, rhetoric and public policy, media criticism <ref>http://pages.towson.edu/vatz/shortcvMay02.htm</ref>. He has had over two hundred and fifty articles and reviews in a variety of professional journals and newspapers<ref>http://pages.towson.edu/vatz/shortcvMay02.htm</ref>.

He has won a variety of teaching awards at Towson University, and is the longest serving member of Towson University's University Senate, 22 years at the end of his current term. He was the 1994 winner of The Thomas Szasz Award, awarded by the Center for Independent Thought and Laissez-Faire Books.Professor Vatz has commented on the above topics for local and national media, including CBS radio, Pat Buchanan's nationally syndicated radio show, William F. Buckley's "Firing Line," CNN's "Larry King Live" and "Crossfire," and "Donahue." In Baltimore, he has provided hundreds of 'expert' appearances on television stations WMAR, WJZ, WBFF, and WBAL-Radio over the last 20 years. <ref>http://drugwarfacts.org/cgi-bin/cgiwrap/drugfacts/experts.pl?i=205</ref>

== Article Summaries ==

[[Vatz, Richard "The Myth of the Rhetorical Situation]]

== Additional Works/Publications ==

==== Books ====

''The Only Authentic Book of Persuasion: The Salience-agenda/meaning-spin Model''. <ref> Vatz, Richard E. "The Only Authentic Book of Persuasion: The Salience-agenda/meaning-spin Model." Dubuque, IA: Kendall Hunt Pub., 2012. Print. </ref>

==== Articles/Essays ====

"The Myth of the Rhetorical Situation," <ref>Richard E. Vatz, "The Myth of the Rhetorical Situation," PHILOSOPHY AND RHETORIC (Summer, 1973)</ref>

"The Mythical Status of Situational Rhetoric: Implications for Rhetorical Critics' Relevance in the Public Arena."[http://pages.towson.edu/vatz/mythical_status_of_situation.htm Full Text]<ref>Vatz, Richard. "The Mythical Status of Situational Rhetoric: Implications for Rhetorical Critics' Relevance in the Public Arena." Review of Communication 9.1 (2009): 1-5. Print. </ref>

== Further Readings ==

== Other Scholarly Views ==

==== Agreement ====

==== Opposition ====

[[Lloyd Bitzer]]

== References ==

<references />

== External Links ==
* [http://pages.towson.edu/vatz/newcv2.htm Academic Background, Teaching Experience, Highlights, Books, Journal Articles and Book Chapters, Review Essays and Reviews, Correspondence, Editorials, Blogs, Conference Papers, and more]

Vatz, Richard "The Myth of the Rhetorical Situation

2012-04-17T09:52:47Z

KennyD: /* Related Links */

==Abstract==

[[Richard Vatz]]’s article, “The Myth of the Rhetorical Situation” was written as a reaction to Lloyd Bitzer’s article “The Rhetorical Situation.” Bitzer claimed that situations are made up of characteristics that influence how rhetoric plays into it. Vatz argues that there is no absolute truth with surrounding characteristics about an event or situation; situations are created by the communication about them. In other words, people perceive situations idiosyncratically and communicate them uniquely, so the audience is given the rhetor’s truth not an absolute one.

==Summary==

This is a reactionary piece written by Vatz in response to [[Lloyd Bitzer]]'s article [http://rhetorclick.com/wiki/Bitzer,_Lloyd_%22The_Rhetorical_Situation%22 "The Rhetorical Situation"]. Bitzer stated that a rhetorical situation is the collection of exigence, audience, and constraints. Vatz believes that Bitzer’s claim of exigence being a situation where a positive outcome is possible is not applicable to rhetoric’s role in society. There are items that cannot be categorized into having positive and negative. Vatz claims that situations are not defined by objective facts and events, but that facts and events are chosen by the rhetor. The rhetor decides the facts and aspects he or she will give significance to and determines how to communicate that significance. Meaning is objective and universal. It is created by the person that gives exigence to it.

Vatz’s theory places more importance on values and morals. The rhetor has a greater obligation of acting morally when bringing salience situations through rhetoric. Vatz uses examples of the Vietnam War and the Cuban Missile Crisis to illustrate how rhetorical choices created political and military situations. His argument implies that had Kennedy not declared a crisis with Cuba, there would have been no crisis.

==Possible Implications==

== Glossary Terms ==

Salience

== Related Links ==

[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhetorical_situation Bitzer's and Vatz's Rhetorical Situation]

Glossary

2012-04-17T09:36:46Z

KennyD: /* Q-T */

== A-D ==

*'''Adumbration:''' the act of providing vague advance indications of a concept to come; also known as "prefiguration" (see [[Burke, Kenneth "Definition of Man"]])
*'''Aesthetics''': study of the mind and emotions in relation to the sense of beauty (see [[Perelman, Chaïm "The New Rhetoric: A Theory of Practical Reasoning"]])
*'''Affective fallacy''': coined by Wimsatt and Berdsley, the mistake of confusing a rhetorical artifact with its result; evaluating literature by its affect on the reader (see [[Richards, I.A. "How to Read a Page"]])
* '''Agency''': the ability to act and communicate (See [[Moeller, Ryan and David Christensen "System Mapping: A Genre Field Analysis of the National Science Foundation's Grant Proposal and Funding Process"]])
*'''Aleatoric''': chaotic; random; according to chance (see [[Ede, Lisa S. and Andrea A. Lunsford "On Distinctions between Classical and Modern Rhetoric"]])
*'''Ancillary:''' providing necessary but secondary support to an organization, institution, or industry (see [[Burke, Kenneth "Definition of Man"]])
*'''Animism''': the spiritual belief, subscribed to by Aristotle, that all objects have souls (see [[Ede, Lisa S. and Andrea A. Lunsford "On Distinctions between Classical and Modern Rhetoric"]])
*'''Antistrophos''': counterpart; opposite companion (see [[Ede, Lisa S. and Andrea A. Lunsford "On Distinctions between Classical and Modern Rhetoric"]])
*'''Antithetical''': in direct and unequivocal opposition (see [[Saussure, Ferdinand de "Nature of the Linguistic Sign"]])
*'''Antilogy''': a contradiction in terms or ideas (see [[Perelman, Chaïm "The New Rhetoric: A Theory of Practical Reasoning"]])
*'''Aphorism''': a pithy observation that contains a general truth(see [[Foucault, Michel "What Is an Author?"]])
*'''Apodictic philosophy''': something demonstrated therefore true (see [[Perelman, Chaïm "The New Rhetoric: A Theory of Practical Reasoning"]])
*'''Architectonic''': productive, a mode of learning rather than merely observation (see [[McKeon, Richard “The Uses of Rhetoric in a Technological Age: Architectonic Productive Arts”]]])
*'''Articulation''': a connection or linking of parts to form a unity. (see [[Hea, Amy C. Kimme "Riding The Wave"]])
*'''Articulation Theory''': is well-suited to examinations of technology because it addresses a range of cultural concerns manifest in the design, development, production, circulation, and consumption of technologies. (see [[Hea, Amy C. Kimme "Riding The Wave"]])
*'''Axiological:''' relating to the study of values (see [[“The Cultural Role of Rhetoric” by Richard Weaver]])
*'''Axiom''': a self-evident truth that requires no proof (see [[Perelman, Chaïm "The New Rhetoric: A Theory of Practical Reasoning"]])

 

*'''Backing''': in the [[Toulmin Model of Argument]], a fact or set of facts that support an argument's warrant (see [[Toulmin, Stephen "The Layout of Arguments"]])
*'''Bombast''': pretentious or inflated speech or writing
*'''Bricolage''': in art or literature, construction or creation from a diverse range of available things (see [[April 5 Class Notes]])

 

*'''Canonical''': accepted as being accurate and authoritative (see [[Foucault, Michel "What Is an Author?"]])
*'''Casuistry''': the practice of applying general moral principles to specific cases; also known as case ethics (see [[Toulmin, Stephen "The Layout of Arguments"]]; [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casuistry Casuistry])
*'''Categorical imperative''': the philosophical concept proposed by [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immanuel_Kant Immanuel Kant] that moral obligations are binding in all circumstances, regardless of positive or negative consequences (see [[Perelman, Chaïm "The New Rhetoric: A Theory of Practical Reasoning"]])
*'''Chariot allegory''': Socrates compares the soul to chariot horses and their rider. He believes the soul (chariot rider) is immortal and consists of one good horse and one bad horse. The soul is in constant struggle balancing and choosing between the two horses. Through the good soul only, the chariot can make it to eternity or heaven (see [[“The Cultural Role of Rhetoric” by Richard Weaver]])
*'''Classical rhetoric''': theory of persuasive discourse (see [[Perelman, Chaïm "The New Rhetoric: A Theory of Practical Reasoning"]])
*'''Close reading''': meticulous, word-level interpretation, rather than general analysis; has greatly influenced modern criticism (see [[Richards, I.A. "How to Read a Page"]])
*'''Compendia''': a brief summary of a larger work or of a field of knowledge (see [[Ede, Lisa S. and Andrea A. Lunsford "On Distinctions between Classical and Modern Rhetoric"]])
*'''Comprehensive Sampling''': small enough to code every item (see [[Blythe, Stuart "Coding Digital Texts and Multimedia"]])
*'''Constraints''': The elements that affect the rhetorical response to exigence. (see [[Bitzer, Lloyd "The Rhetorical Situation"]])
*'''Continuum''': a continuous spectrum; a sequence in which the extremes are quite distinct while individual adjacent elements are similar (see [[Burke, Kenneth "Definition of Man"]])
*'''Convenience Sampling''': readily available item(s) with little credibility alone (see [[Blythe, Stuart "Coding Digital Texts and Multimedia"]])
*'''Criterion Sampling''': texts meet certain criteria such as textual features, author attributes, intended audience, or types of media (see [[Blythe, Stuart "Coding Digital Texts and Multimedia"]])

 

*'''Data coding''': the act of sorting and classifying artifacts to quantitatively assess certain aspects of it; a five-step process including identifying a set of artifacts, defining a unit to be analyzed, creating codes to classify instances of that unit, testing the reliability of the work, and publicizing results (see [[Blythe, Stuart "Coding Digital Texts and Multimedia"]])
*'''Death of the Author''': Roland Barthe's essay argues that the author's personal background should be irrelevant to interpretation of his or her writing; the concept proposed in the essay (see [[Barthes, Roland "Death of the Author"]])
*'''Deictic''': denoting a word or expression whose meaning is dependent on the context in which it is used (see [[Foucault, Michel "What Is an Author?"]])
*'''Diachronic''': relating to phenomena, often literary or cultural, as they occur or change over a period of time (see [[Saussure, Ferdinand de "Nature of the Linguistic Sign"]])
*'''Dialectic''': two-sided dialogue, formal argumentation system, conversation (see [[Ede, Lisa S. and Andrea A. Lunsford "On Distinctions between Classical and Modern Rhetoric"]])
*'''Dialectical reasoning''': moving back and forth between contrary lines of reasoning examing both arguments (see [[Perelman, Chaïm "The New Rhetoric: A Theory of Practical Reasoning"]])
*'''Dialogic''': interpretation or understanding of a text based on an interpretation or understanding of other related texts (see [[Bakhtin, Mikhail "Toward a Methodology for the Human Sciences"]])
*'''Dispositio''': the system used for the organization of arguments in Western classical rhetoric (see [[Ede, Lisa S. and Andrea A. Lunsford "On Distinctions between Classical and Modern Rhetoric"]])
*'''Doxa''': constantly evolving day-to-day knowledge; "popular belief" (see [[Ede, Lisa S. and Andrea A. Lunsford "On Distinctions between Classical and Modern Rhetoric"]])

== E-H ==
*'''Ecriture''': the idea that a text's author becomes a "transcendental anonymity"; the French word for "writing"(see [[Foucault, Michel "What Is an Author?"]])
*'''Elocutio''': the mastery of stylistic elements in Western classical rhetoric and comes from the Latin ''loqui'', "to speak" (see [[Burke, Kenneth "Definition of Man"]])
*'''Endoxa''': commonly held knowledge among a community and its leaders; a more reliable counterpart of doxa
*'''Entelechy''': a realization or actuality as opposed to a potentiality; the actualization of form-giving cause as contrasted with potential existence (see [[Burke, Kenneth "Definition of Man"]])
*'''Enthymeme''': abbreviated form of a syllogism which assumes one of two premises is a given (see [[Ede, Lisa S. and Andrea A. Lunsford "On Distinctions between Classical and Modern Rhetoric"]])
*'''Episteme''': knowledge of the absolute, eternal truth (see [[Ede, Lisa S. and Andrea A. Lunsford "On Distinctions between Classical and Modern Rhetoric"]], [[Plato]], [http://rhetorclick.com/wiki/Theories_and_Movements#Sophism Sophism] , [[Aristotle]], )
*'''Esperanto''': an artificial international language based as far as possible on words common to the chief European languages (see [[Saussure, Ferdinand de "Nature of the Linguistic Sign"]])
*'''Ethos''': the persuasive appeal of one's character, credibility, or apparent trustworthiness, especially how this character is established by means of speech or discourse (see [[Ede, Lisa S. and Andrea A. Lunsford "On Distinctions between Classical and Modern Rhetoric"]]
*'''Etymology''': the study of the history of words and their evolution over time (see [[Burke, Kenneth "Definition of Man"]])
*'''Evidentials''': a form of metadiscourse used to express attitudes toward knowledge (see [[Blythe, Stuart "Coding Digital Texts and Multimedia"]])
*'''Existentialism''': a philosophical theory emphasizing the individual as a free and responsible agent determining his or her own development through acts of the will (see [[Perelman, Chaïm "The New Rhetoric: A Theory of Practical Reasoning"]])
*'''Exegesis''': interpretation of a text often exploring its historical context and seeking to identify its cultural significance (see [[Foucault, Michel "What Is an Author?"]]
*'''Exigence''': A problem that needs to be addressed and resolved by rhetoric. (see [[Bitzer, Lloyd "The Rhetorical Situation"]])

*'''Exordium''': the introduction, especially of a discourse or treatise (see [[Perelman, Chaïm "The New Rhetoric: A Theory of Practical Reasoning"]])

 

*'''Fallacious''': containing or based on a fallacy (see [[“The Cultural Role of Rhetoric” by Richard Weaver]])
*'''Forensic speaking''': use of rhetoric to attack or defend someone in a judicial setting; defined by [[Aristotle]] as one of three forms of rhetoric (see [[Perelman, Chaïm "The New Rhetoric: A Theory of Practical Reasoning"]])

 

*'''Gaze''': to see, accidentally or on purpose, behind the curtain of public disclosure and into the private lives of research subjects. (see [[Sidler, Michelle "Playing Scavenger and Gazer with Scientific Discourse: Opportunities and Ethics for Online Research"]])
* '''Genre''': a continuous and structured activity; anything that a large group of people do similarly (see [[Moeller, Ryan and David Christensen "System Mapping: A Genre Field Analysis of the National Science Foundation's Grant Proposal and Funding Process" ]])
* '''Genre agents''': documents and websites which offer key information involved in the genre process (see [[Moeller, Ryan and David Christensen "System Mapping: A Genre Field Analysis of the National Science Foundation's Grant Proposal and Funding Process" ]] )
* '''Genre field''': everything that goes into making a genre (see [[Moeller, Ryan and David Christensen "System Mapping: A Genre Field Analysis of the National Science Foundation's Grant Proposal and Funding Process"]])

 

*'''Heteroglossia''': the qualities of a language (such as ideology, perspective, etc.) that are extralinguistic but common to all languages (see [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikhail_Bakhtin#The_Dialogic_Imagination:_Chronotope.2C_Heteroglossia The Dialogic Imagination])
*'''Historicity''': the shared historical foundation underlying cultures and texts (see [[Weaver, Richard "The Cultural Role of Rhetoric]])
*'''Homonymy''': the relation between two words that are spelled the same way but differ in meaning (see [[Foucault, Michel "What Is an Author?"]])
*'''Hypertext''': non-sequential, often digital, writing; writing "in which the logical connections between elements are primarily associative rather than syllogistic" (see [[Slatin, John M. "Reading Hypertext: Order and Coherence in a New Medium"]])

== I-L ==

*'''Intentional fallacy''': the concept that an author's words alone, not intent, should be examined because an author's mind can never be truly known (see [[Richards, I.A. "How to Read a Page"]])
*'''Interpretant''': how a person perceives a sign or representation (see [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sign_(semiotics)#Triadic_signs Triadic signs])
*'''Inter-textual variations''': differences in the way texts are structured through alphanumeric cues (headings and numbers), spatial cues (horizontal and vertical distribution of text) and graphic cues (bullets, arrows, lines, etc.) (see [https://pantherfile.uwm.edu/alred/www/pdf/kostelnick-rhetoricoftext.pdf Rhetoric of Text])
*'''Intra-textual variations''': changes in typography and design within a document (see [https://pantherfile.uwm.edu/alred/www/pdf/kostelnick-rhetoricoftext.pdf Rhetoric of Text])
*'''Inventio''': the system or method used for the discovery of arguments in Western rhetoric (see [[Ede, Lisa S. and Andrea A. Lunsford "On Distinctions between Classical and Modern Rhetoric"]])
*'''Isomorphous''': being of identical or similar form, shape, or structure (see [[Bakhtin, Mikhail "Toward a Methodology for the Human Sciences"]])
*'''Instrumental value judgment''': an argument that uses values as a means to alread accepted ends, or as obstacles to their attainment (see [[Perelman, Chaïm "The New Rhetoric: A Theory of Practical Reasoning"]])
*'''Intuitionism''': the theory that primary truths and principles, especially those of ethics and metaphysics, are known through intuition rather than learning (see [[Perelman, Chaïm "The New Rhetoric: A Theory of Practical Reasoning"]])

 

*'''Kairos''': the oportune time and/or place; the right or appropriate time to say or do the right thing (see [http://rhetorclick.com/wiki/Theories_and_Movements#Sophism Sophism], [[Aristotle]], [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isocrates Isocrates], [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kairos Kairos]
*'''Krisis''': point of judgment, moment of decision (see [[Ede, Lisa S. and Andrea A. Lunsford "On Distinctions between Classical and Modern Rhetoric"]])

 

*'''Langue''': the underlying structures of a language, which are time-ignorant and related to synchronic linguistics (see [[Saussure, Ferdinand de "Nature of the Linguistic Sign"]])
*'''Latent content''': content that is subjective or relevant because of its implied, rather than immediately apparent, meaning (see [[Blythe, Stuart "Coding Digital Texts and Multimedia"]])
*'''Lexia''': parts of a text that are separated from the meaning of the work as a whole to show the multiplicity of meaning and references
*'''Logology''': study of language and symbols (see [[Burke, Kenneth "Definition of Man"]])
*'''Logomachies''': a dispute over or about words
*'''Logos''': the logical appeal that attempts to persuade the audience using intellect and reason (Persuasive appeals: [[Ede, Lisa S. and Andrea A. Lunsford "On Distinctions between Classical and Modern Rhetoric"]])
*'''Logical empiricism''': the school of philosophy that combines empiricism (the idea that observational evidence is indispensable for knowledge of the world) with a version of rationalism incorporating mathematical and logico-linguistic constructs (see [[Perelman, Chaïm "The New Rhetoric: A Theory of Practical Reasoning"]])

== M-P ==

*'''Manifest Content''': observable in a text, easy to spot, measured quantitatively (see [[Blythe, Stuart "Coding Digital Texts and Multimedia"]])
*'''Method''': procedures and techniques, such as content, discourse, and genre analysis (see [[Blythe, Stuart "Coding Digital Texts and Multimedia"]])
*'''Methodology''': assumptions and theories; “the underlying theory and analysis of how research does or should proceed” – Kirsch and Sullivan (see [[Blythe, Stuart "Coding Digital Texts and Multimedia"]])
*'''Modal Qualifiers''': terms such as "probably" and "presumably," which indicate an author's level of certainty (see [[Toulmin, Stephen "The Layout of Arguments"]])
*'''Monologism''': interpretation of a text without relation to other influencing texts (see [[Bakhtin, Mikhail "Toward a Methodology for the Human Sciences"]]
*'''Monotonic reasoning''': reasoning in which adding new information does not change the outcome (e.g., "Socrates has brown hair" does not change the outcome of the example syllogism "Socrates is a man; all men are mortal; therefore, Socrates is mortal") (see [[Toulmin, Stephen "The Layout of Arguments"]])

 

*'''Natura naturans''': nature doing what nature does (see [[Bakhtin, Mikhail "Toward a Methodology for the Human Sciences"]])
*'''Natura naurata''': nature already created (see [[Bakhtin, Mikhail "Toward a Methodology for the Human Sciences"]])
*'''New Criticism''': a movement that viewed texts as completely autonomous (see [[Richards, I.A. "How to Read a Page"]])
*'''New Rhetoric''': theory of argumentation (See [[Perelman, Chaïm "The New Rhetoric: A Theory of Practical Reasoning"]])
*'''Node''': any object which is linked to another object (see [[Slatin, John M. "Reading Hypertext: Order and Coherence in a New Medium"]])
*'''Nominalism''': the belief that universals are mere names without any reality (see [[“The Cultural Role of Rhetoric” by Richard Weaver]])
*'''Non-monotonic reasoning''': reasoning in which adding new information changes the outcome (see [[Toulmin, Stephen "The Layout of Arguments"]])
*'''Nonverbal units''': physical communication such as gestures and facial expressions or characteristics of speech such as volume, pitch, and speed (see [[Blythe, Stuart "Coding Digital Texts and Multimedia"]])
*'''Narrative paradigm''': [[Walter Fisher]]'s theory that all forms of communication are a type of storytelling and that all human experience evolves as a type of "narrative"; contrast to the "Rational World Paradigm" (see [[Fisher, Walter "Narration as a Human Communication Paradigm"]])

 

*'''Organon''': an instrument for acquiring knowledge; specifically, a body of principles of scientific or philosophic investigation (see [[Ede, Lisa S. and Andrea A. Lunsford "On Distinctions between Classical and Modern Rhetoric"]])
*'''Orthographic''': a projection of a single view of an object onto a drawing surface in which the lines of projection are perpendicular to the drawing surface (see [[Saussure, Ferdinand de "Nature of the Linguistic Sign"]])

 

*'''Parlance''': a particular way of speaking, especially a way common to those with a particular job or interest (see [[Burke, Kenneth "Definition of Man"]])
*'''Paradeigma''': use of example or anecdotal evidence to prove a point (see [[Ede, Lisa S. and Andrea A. Lunsford "On Distinctions between Classical and Modern Rhetoric"]])
*'''Parole''': the use of language, which is time-conscious and related to diachronic linguistics (see [[Saussure, Ferdinand de "Nature of the Linguistic Sign"]])
*'''Pathos''': the appeal to emotion and shared values; often used in advertising and thought to be manipulative but also extremely effective (Persuasive appeals: [[Ede, Lisa S. and Andrea A. Lunsford "On Distinctions between Classical and Modern Rhetoric"]]
*'''Pejorative''': a word or phrase that has negative connotations or that is intended to disparage or belittle (see [[Ede, Lisa S. and Andrea A. Lunsford "On Distinctions between Classical and Modern Rhetoric"]])
*'''Perennial''': continuing without interruption (see [[Burke, Kenneth "Definition of Man"]])
*'''Phoneme''': a unit of the phonetic system of a language that corresponds to a set of similar speech sounds perceived to be a single distinctive sound in the language (e.g., the velar \k\ of cool and the palatal \k\ of keel) (see [[Saussure, Ferdinand de "Nature of the Linguistic Sign"]])
*'''Pisteis''': proofs, persuasive appeals: (logos, ethos, pathos); artistic (logical, logos, nonlogical, ethos and pathos) and inartistic (tangible evidence) (see [["On Distinctions between Classical and Modern Rhetoric" by Andrea A. Lunsford and Lisa S. Ede]])
* '''Play theory''': the theory that any and all activities have rules, specific outcomes, and some sort of strategy to win (See [[Moeller, Ryan and David Christensen "System Mapping: A Genre Field Analysis of the National Science Foundation's Grant Proposal and Funding Process"]] )
* '''Player agents''': people involved in the process of play theory (See [[Moeller, Ryan and David Christensen "System Mapping: A Genre Field Analysis of the National Science Foundation's Grant Proposal and Funding Process"]] )
*'''Poeis''': fine arts (see [[Ede, Lisa S. and Andrea A. Lunsford "On Distinctions between Classical and Modern Rhetoric"]])
*'''Polyglossia''': the hybrid nature of language (see [[Mikhail Bakhtin]] and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikhail_Bakhtin#The_Dialogic_Imagination:_Chronotope.2C_Heteroglossia The Dialogic Imagination]
*'''Positivist empiricism''': emphasizes role of experience and evidence especially sensory perception (see [[Perelman, Chaïm "The New Rhetoric: A Theory of Practical Reasoning"]])
*'''Priori''': relating to or derived by reasoning from self-evident propositions (see [[Saussure, Ferdinand de "Nature of the Linguistic Sign"]])
*'''Promulgation''': making known by open declaration; proclaiming formally or put into operation (as in a law, decree of a court, etc.) (see [[Burke, Kenneth "Definition of Man"]])
*'''Proofs''': Justification, reasoning, argumentation. (see [[Perelman, Chaïm "The New Rhetoric: A Theory of Practical Reasoning"]])

== Q-T ==

*'''Random sampling''': the process of collecting data by assigning a number to each element in the overall set, then use a random number generator to select units of data from the set (see [[Blythe, Stuart "Coding Digital Texts and Multimedia"]])
*'''Rationalism''': the theory that truth is intellectual, not sensory, and can only be known through deductive reasoning (see [[Perelman, Chaïm "The New Rhetoric: A Theory of Practical Reasoning"]])
*'''Rationalistic idealism''': the theory that a criterion of truth is not sensory but intellectual and deductive (see [[Perelman, Chaïm "The New Rhetoric: A Theory of Practical Reasoning"]])
*'''Rediscovering''': the effects of analogy or isomorphism with current forms of knowledge that allow the perception of forgotten or obscured figures (See [[Foucault, Michel "What Is an Author?"]])
*'''Replicability''': in research, the ability of others to yield the same or similar results as those in a completed study (see [[Rickly, Rebecca "Messy Contexts: Research as a Rhetorical Situation"]])
*'''Representamen''': the object that something, often a sign, represents, creating in the mind an equivalent sign, or perhaps a more developed sign (see [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sign_(semiotics)#Triadic_signs Triadic signs])
*'''Rhetoric''': (see [[Definitions of Rhetoric]])
*'''Rhetorical Situation''': the context of a rhetorical event that consists of an issue, an audience, and a set of constraints. Two leading views of the rhetorical situation exist today. One argues that a situation determines and brings about rhetoric, while the other proposes that rhetoric creates “situations” by making issues salient. (see [[Lloyd Bitzer]], [[Richard Vatz]], [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhetorical_situation Rhetorical Situation Wikipedia])
*'''Rhetorical units''': equivalent texts or portions of texts with the same author, intended audience, and purpose (see [[Blythe, Stuart "Coding Digital Texts and Multimedia"]])
*'''Salience''': The emphasis of value in certain events and aspects that the rhetor decides. (see [[Vatz, Richard "The Myth of the Rhetorical Situation]])

 

*'''Semantic''': of or relating to meaning in language (see [[Bakhtin, Mikhail "Toward a Methodology for the Human Sciences"]])
*'''Semiology''': the study of signs (see [[Saussure, Ferdinand de "Nature of the Linguistic Sign"]])
*'''Signified''': the mental concept of an object being represented by a word or sign (see [[Saussure, Ferdinand de "Nature of the Linguistic Sign"]])
*'''Signifier''': the material (or physical form) of the sign (see [[Saussure, Ferdinand de "Nature of the Linguistic Sign"]])
*'''Spatiotemporal:''' belonging to both space and time or to space-time (see [[“The Cultural Role of Rhetoric” by Richard Weaver]])
*'''Syllogism''': a logical, deductive conclusion drawn from two related premises (see [[Ede, Lisa S. and Andrea A. Lunsford "On Distinctions between Classical and Modern Rhetoric"]])
*'''Supra-textual structuring''': visual cues that create coherence between elements of a document, e.g., headers, indentation, page orientation, white space, placement of extra-textual elements such as data display and pictures, icons, page color, and lines (see [https://pantherfile.uwm.edu/alred/www/pdf/kostelnick-rhetoricoftext.pdf Rhetoric of Text])
*'''Synchronic''': relating to language or other phenomena at a specific period; opposite of diachronic (see [[Saussure, Ferdinand de "Nature of the Linguistic Sign"]])
*'''Suasory:''' intended to persuade (see [[Burke, Kenneth "Definition of Man"]])
*'''Subjectivism''': the theory that that knowledge is subjective and that there is no external or objective truth (see [[Perelman, Chaïm "The New Rhetoric: A Theory of Practical Reasoning"]])

 

*'''T-units''': “consist of a principle clause and any subordinate clauses or non-clausal structures attached to or embedded in it” – Geisler (see [[Blythe, Stuart "Coding Digital Texts and Multimedia"]])
*'''Tautology''': the use of different words to say the same thing twice; a statement that is true because of its logical form (see [[Perelman, Chaïm "The New Rhetoric: A Theory of Practical Reasoning"]])
*'''Techne''': an art or craft, rather than a knack (see [[Ede, Lisa S. and Andrea A. Lunsford "On Distinctions between Classical and Modern Rhetoric"]])
*'''Telos''': an ultimate end (see [[Burke, Kenneth "Definition of Man"]])
*'''Trivium''': an introductory curriculum at medieval universities involving the study of grammar, rhetoric, and logic (see [[Bryant, Donald C. "Rhetoric: Its Functions and Its Scope"]])
*'''Tropism''': growth toward or away from external stimulus (see [[Burke, Kenneth "Definition of Man"]])

== U-Z ==

*'''Validity''': in research, the ability of data to answer the question being studied (see [[Rickly, Rebecca "Messy Contexts: Research as a Rhetorical Situation"]])
*'''Verbal units''': words, phrases, and clauses that help identify how an author orients a reader to other phenomena (see [[Blythe, Stuart "Coding Digital Texts and Multimedia"]])
 
*'''"Vir bonus dicendi peritus"''': "a good man speaking well"; Quintillian's definition of rhetoric as entwined with the author's moral character
*'''Warrant''': in the [[Toulmin Model of Argument]], an often implicit assumption that supports the inference of the claim from the data/evidence (see [[Toulmin, Stephen "The Layout of Arguments"]])

Vatz, Richard "The Myth of the Rhetorical Situation

2012-04-17T09:32:23Z

KennyD: /* Summary */

==Abstract==

[[Richard Vatz]]’s article, “The Myth of the Rhetorical Situation” was written as a reaction to Lloyd Bitzer’s article “The Rhetorical Situation.” Bitzer claimed that situations are made up of characteristics that influence how rhetoric plays into it. Vatz argues that there is no absolute truth with surrounding characteristics about an event or situation; situations are created by the communication about them. In other words, people perceive situations idiosyncratically and communicate them uniquely, so the audience is given the rhetor’s truth not an absolute one.

==Summary==

This is a reactionary piece written by Vatz in response to [[Lloyd Bitzer]]'s article [http://rhetorclick.com/wiki/Bitzer,_Lloyd_%22The_Rhetorical_Situation%22 "The Rhetorical Situation"]. Bitzer stated that a rhetorical situation is the collection of exigence, audience, and constraints. Vatz believes that Bitzer’s claim of exigence being a situation where a positive outcome is possible is not applicable to rhetoric’s role in society. There are items that cannot be categorized into having positive and negative. Vatz claims that situations are not defined by objective facts and events, but that facts and events are chosen by the rhetor. The rhetor decides the facts and aspects he or she will give significance to and determines how to communicate that significance. Meaning is objective and universal. It is created by the person that gives exigence to it.

Vatz’s theory places more importance on values and morals. The rhetor has a greater obligation of acting morally when bringing salience situations through rhetoric. Vatz uses examples of the Vietnam War and the Cuban Missile Crisis to illustrate how rhetorical choices created political and military situations. His argument implies that had Kennedy not declared a crisis with Cuba, there would have been no crisis.

==Possible Implications==

== Glossary Terms ==

Salience

== Related Links ==
"The Mythical Status of Situational Rhetoric: Implications for Rhetorical Critics’ Relevance in the Public Arena" by [[Richard Vatz]], ''The Review of Communication'' Vol. 9, No. 1, January 2009, pp. 1-5. http://pages.towson.edu/vatz/mythical_status_of_situation.htm

Vatz, Richard "The Myth of the Rhetorical Situation

2012-04-17T09:31:08Z

KennyD:

==Abstract==

[[Richard Vatz]]’s article, “The Myth of the Rhetorical Situation” was written as a reaction to Lloyd Bitzer’s article “The Rhetorical Situation.” Bitzer claimed that situations are made up of characteristics that influence how rhetoric plays into it. Vatz argues that there is no absolute truth with surrounding characteristics about an event or situation; situations are created by the communication about them. In other words, people perceive situations idiosyncratically and communicate them uniquely, so the audience is given the rhetor’s truth not an absolute one.

==Summary==

This is a reactionary piece written by Vatz in response to [[Lloyd Bitzer]]'s article [["The Rhetorical Situation"]]. Bitzer stated that a rhetorical situation is the collection of exigence, audience, and constraints. Vatz believes that Bitzer’s claim of exigence being a situation where a positive outcome is possible is not applicable to rhetoric’s role in society. There are items that cannot be categorized into having positive and negative. Vatz claims that situations are not defined by objective facts and events, but that facts and events are chosen by the rhetor. The rhetor decides the facts and aspects he or she will give significance to and determines how to communicate that significance. Meaning is objective and universal. It is created by the person that gives exigence to it.

Vatz’s theory places more importance on values and morals. The rhetor has a greater obligation of acting morally when bringing salience situations through rhetoric. Vatz uses examples of the Vietnam War and the Cuban Missile Crisis to illustrate how rhetorical choices created political and military situations. His argument implies that had Kennedy not declared a crisis with Cuba, there would have been no crisis.

==Possible Implications==

== Glossary Terms ==

Salience

== Related Links ==
"The Mythical Status of Situational Rhetoric: Implications for Rhetorical Critics’ Relevance in the Public Arena" by [[Richard Vatz]], ''The Review of Communication'' Vol. 9, No. 1, January 2009, pp. 1-5. http://pages.towson.edu/vatz/mythical_status_of_situation.htm

Bitzer, Lloyd "The Rhetorical Situation"

2012-04-17T09:28:43Z

KennyD: /* Glossary Terms */

==Abstract==

In his article, “The Rhetorical Situation” [[Lloyd Bitzer]] claims that rhetorical discourse is the response to a rhetorical situation. There are three characteristics of a rhetorical situation.

*[[Exigence]] is the urgency for discourse to positively affect a situation.

*Audience is the group of people which can impact change that can be influenced by the discourse of the situation.

*[[Constraints]] that are comprised of persons and events that impact the exigence.

These three things have to be identified in order for rhetorical discourse crop up.

==Summary==

The rhetorical situation does not call a situation into existence, the situation calls rhetoric into existence. A situation is rhetorical when some specific situational circumstance requires the need for rhetoric. Rhetoric is needed when an audience must be pushed to do something. Bitzer defines a rhetorical with three key terms. Every rhetorical situation has exigence. Exigence is a problem that needs to be addressed and resolved by rhetoric. Rhetoric must find a solution for the problem or the situation is not rhetorical. This potential solution involves the second aspect: audience. A rhetorical situation in focused on reaching those with the power to facilitate change. The audience is the group of persons that can affect exigence. The audience must be able to work for and potentially manage change. The last requirement of a rhetorical situation is a set of constraints. Constraints are all the aspects of a situation that constrain decision and action. They are the obstacles that impede modifying the exigence.

The situation controls rhetoric. The situation controls the rhetorical response to the exigence.

==Possible Implications==

== Glossary Terms ==

Exigence

Constraints

Lloyd Bitzer

2012-04-17T08:31:45Z

KennyD: /* Biography */

== Biography ==

Lloyd Bitzer was born in 1931. He received his doctoral degree from the University of Iowa in 1962. He has taught at the University of Wisconsin-Madison. He taught classes in rhetoric and rhetorical theory. Bitzer was an active member of the National Communication Association and was involved in the National Development Project in Rhetoric in 1970. Bitzer is best known for the theory of situational rhetoric, which he advanced in the 1968 article “The Rhetorical Situation.” Bitzer is currently professor emeritus at Wisconsin.

== Article Summaries ==

[[Bitzer, Lloyd "The Rhetorical Situation"]]

== Additional Works/ Publications ==

==== Books ====

==== Articles/Essays ====

“Aristotle’s Enthymeme Revisited.”<ref>“Aristotle’s Enthymeme Revisited.” Quarterly Journal of Speech 58.4 (1959): 399–408. Academic Search Premier. EBSCO. UTSA Lib., 28 Sep. 08. </ref>

“A Re-evaluation of Campbell’s Doctrine of Evidence.”<ref>“A Re-evaluation of Campbell’s Doctrine of Evidence.” Quarterly Journal of Speech 59.1 (1960): 135–40. Academic Search Premier. EBSCO. UTSA Lib., 28 Sep. 08. </ref>

[http://www.cwrl.utexas.edu/~davis/crs/E398t/Bitzer--Rhetorical%20Situation.pdf "The Rhetorical Situation"]<ref>“The Rhetorical Situation.” Philosophy and Rhetoric 1.1 (1968): 1–14. Academic Search Premier. EBSCO. UTSA Lib., 29 Sep. 08. </ref>

“Hume’s Philosophy in George Campbell’s Philosophy of Rhetoric.”<ref>“Hume’s Philosophy in George Campbell’s Philosophy of Rhetoric.” Journal of Philosophy and Rhetoric 2.3 (1969): 139–66.</ref>

“Aristotle’s Enthymeme Revisited.” <ref>“Aristotle’s Enthymeme Revisited.” Aristotle: The Classical Heritage of Rhetoric. Ed. Keith V. Erickson. Metuchen, NJ: The Scarecrow P, 1974.</ref>

“Rhetoric and Public Knowledge.” <ref>“Rhetoric and Public Knowledge.” Rhetoric, Philosophy, and Literature: An Exploration. Ed. Don M. Burks. West Lafayette, Ind: Purdue UP, 1976: 67–93.</ref>

“Functional Communication: A Situational Perspective.”<ref>“Functional Communication: A Situational Perspective.” Rhetoric in Transition: Studies in the Nature and Uses of Rhetoric. Ed. Eugene E. White. University Park: Pennsylvania State UP, 1980: 21–38.</ref>

“Bitzer on Vatz.”<ref>“Bitzer on Vatz.” Quarterly Journal of Speech 67.1 (1981): 99–101. Academic Search Premier. EBSCO. UTSA Lib., 18 Oct. 08. </ref>

“All Art is Founded in Science.”<ref>“All Art is Founded in Science.” Rhetoric Society Quarterly 13.1 (1983): 13–14. Humanities Index. JSTOR. UTSA Lib., 29 Sep. 08. </ref>

“George Orwell’s Rejection of Tyrannical Rhetoric.”<ref>“George Orwell’s Rejection of Tyrannical Rhetoric.” Oldspeak/Newspeak: Rhetorical Transformations. Ed. Charles W. Kneupper. Arlington, TX: Rhetorical Society of America, 1985: 1–6. </ref>

“Whately’s Distinction Between Inferring and Proving.”<ref>“Whately’s Distinction Between Inferring and Proving.” Journal of Philosophy and Rhetoric 25.4 (1992): 311–40. Academic Search Premier. EBSCO. UTSA Lib., 14 Oct. 08.</ref>

“Rhetoric’s Prospects: Past and Future.”<ref>“Rhetoric’s Prospects: Past and Future.” Making and Unmaking the Prospects for Rhetoric. Eds. Theresa Enos and Richard McNabb. Mahwah, NJ: Laurence Earlbaum Associates, 1997: 15–20.</ref>

“The ‘Indian Prince’ in miracle arguments of Hume and His Predecessors and Early Critics.”<ref>“The ‘Indian Prince’ in miracle arguments of Hume and His Predecessors and Early Critics.” Journal of Philosophy and Rhetoric 31.3 (1998): 175–230. Academic Search Premier. EBSCO. UTSA Lib., 16 Oct. 08.</ref>

“Edwin Black at Wisconsin, 1967–1994.”<ref>“Edwin Black at Wisconsin, 1967–1994.” Rhetoric and Public Affairs 10. (Oct. 2007): 497–500. Humanities Index. Muse. UTSA Lib., 18 Oct. 08. </ref>

== Further Readings ==

[http://compfaqs.org/CompositionFounders/TheAnnotatedBibliographyOfTheWorksWrittenAndEditedByLloydBitzer The Annotated Bibliography of the Works Written and Edited by Lloyd Bitzer]

== Other Scholarly Views ==

==== Agreement ====

==== Opposition ====

[[Richard Vatz]]

== References ==

<references>

== External Links ==
* [http://www.phillwebb.net/topics/communication/Bitzer/Bitzer.htm Bitzer related Bibliography]

Lloyd Bitzer

2012-04-17T08:29:07Z

KennyD: /* Further Readings */

== Biography ==

'''Education'''

== Article Summaries ==

[[Bitzer, Lloyd "The Rhetorical Situation"]]

== Additional Works/ Publications ==

==== Books ====

==== Articles/Essays ====

“Aristotle’s Enthymeme Revisited.”<ref>“Aristotle’s Enthymeme Revisited.” Quarterly Journal of Speech 58.4 (1959): 399–408. Academic Search Premier. EBSCO. UTSA Lib., 28 Sep. 08. </ref>

“A Re-evaluation of Campbell’s Doctrine of Evidence.”<ref>“A Re-evaluation of Campbell’s Doctrine of Evidence.” Quarterly Journal of Speech 59.1 (1960): 135–40. Academic Search Premier. EBSCO. UTSA Lib., 28 Sep. 08. </ref>

[http://www.cwrl.utexas.edu/~davis/crs/E398t/Bitzer--Rhetorical%20Situation.pdf "The Rhetorical Situation"]<ref>“The Rhetorical Situation.” Philosophy and Rhetoric 1.1 (1968): 1–14. Academic Search Premier. EBSCO. UTSA Lib., 29 Sep. 08. </ref>

“Hume’s Philosophy in George Campbell’s Philosophy of Rhetoric.”<ref>“Hume’s Philosophy in George Campbell’s Philosophy of Rhetoric.” Journal of Philosophy and Rhetoric 2.3 (1969): 139–66.</ref>

“Aristotle’s Enthymeme Revisited.” <ref>“Aristotle’s Enthymeme Revisited.” Aristotle: The Classical Heritage of Rhetoric. Ed. Keith V. Erickson. Metuchen, NJ: The Scarecrow P, 1974.</ref>

“Rhetoric and Public Knowledge.” <ref>“Rhetoric and Public Knowledge.” Rhetoric, Philosophy, and Literature: An Exploration. Ed. Don M. Burks. West Lafayette, Ind: Purdue UP, 1976: 67–93.</ref>

“Functional Communication: A Situational Perspective.”<ref>“Functional Communication: A Situational Perspective.” Rhetoric in Transition: Studies in the Nature and Uses of Rhetoric. Ed. Eugene E. White. University Park: Pennsylvania State UP, 1980: 21–38.</ref>

“Bitzer on Vatz.”<ref>“Bitzer on Vatz.” Quarterly Journal of Speech 67.1 (1981): 99–101. Academic Search Premier. EBSCO. UTSA Lib., 18 Oct. 08. </ref>

“All Art is Founded in Science.”<ref>“All Art is Founded in Science.” Rhetoric Society Quarterly 13.1 (1983): 13–14. Humanities Index. JSTOR. UTSA Lib., 29 Sep. 08. </ref>

“George Orwell’s Rejection of Tyrannical Rhetoric.”<ref>“George Orwell’s Rejection of Tyrannical Rhetoric.” Oldspeak/Newspeak: Rhetorical Transformations. Ed. Charles W. Kneupper. Arlington, TX: Rhetorical Society of America, 1985: 1–6. </ref>

“Whately’s Distinction Between Inferring and Proving.”<ref>“Whately’s Distinction Between Inferring and Proving.” Journal of Philosophy and Rhetoric 25.4 (1992): 311–40. Academic Search Premier. EBSCO. UTSA Lib., 14 Oct. 08.</ref>

“Rhetoric’s Prospects: Past and Future.”<ref>“Rhetoric’s Prospects: Past and Future.” Making and Unmaking the Prospects for Rhetoric. Eds. Theresa Enos and Richard McNabb. Mahwah, NJ: Laurence Earlbaum Associates, 1997: 15–20.</ref>

“The ‘Indian Prince’ in miracle arguments of Hume and His Predecessors and Early Critics.”<ref>“The ‘Indian Prince’ in miracle arguments of Hume and His Predecessors and Early Critics.” Journal of Philosophy and Rhetoric 31.3 (1998): 175–230. Academic Search Premier. EBSCO. UTSA Lib., 16 Oct. 08.</ref>

“Edwin Black at Wisconsin, 1967–1994.”<ref>“Edwin Black at Wisconsin, 1967–1994.” Rhetoric and Public Affairs 10. (Oct. 2007): 497–500. Humanities Index. Muse. UTSA Lib., 18 Oct. 08. </ref>

== Further Readings ==

[http://compfaqs.org/CompositionFounders/TheAnnotatedBibliographyOfTheWorksWrittenAndEditedByLloydBitzer The Annotated Bibliography of the Works Written and Edited by Lloyd Bitzer]

== Other Scholarly Views ==

==== Agreement ====

==== Opposition ====

[[Richard Vatz]]

== References ==

<references>

== External Links ==
* [http://www.phillwebb.net/topics/communication/Bitzer/Bitzer.htm Bitzer related Bibliography]

Lloyd Bitzer

2012-04-17T08:28:11Z

KennyD: /* Further Readings */

== Biography ==

'''Education'''

== Article Summaries ==

[[Bitzer, Lloyd "The Rhetorical Situation"]]

== Additional Works/ Publications ==

==== Books ====

==== Articles/Essays ====

“Aristotle’s Enthymeme Revisited.”<ref>“Aristotle’s Enthymeme Revisited.” Quarterly Journal of Speech 58.4 (1959): 399–408. Academic Search Premier. EBSCO. UTSA Lib., 28 Sep. 08. </ref>

“A Re-evaluation of Campbell’s Doctrine of Evidence.”<ref>“A Re-evaluation of Campbell’s Doctrine of Evidence.” Quarterly Journal of Speech 59.1 (1960): 135–40. Academic Search Premier. EBSCO. UTSA Lib., 28 Sep. 08. </ref>

[http://www.cwrl.utexas.edu/~davis/crs/E398t/Bitzer--Rhetorical%20Situation.pdf "The Rhetorical Situation"]<ref>“The Rhetorical Situation.” Philosophy and Rhetoric 1.1 (1968): 1–14. Academic Search Premier. EBSCO. UTSA Lib., 29 Sep. 08. </ref>

“Hume’s Philosophy in George Campbell’s Philosophy of Rhetoric.”<ref>“Hume’s Philosophy in George Campbell’s Philosophy of Rhetoric.” Journal of Philosophy and Rhetoric 2.3 (1969): 139–66.</ref>

“Aristotle’s Enthymeme Revisited.” <ref>“Aristotle’s Enthymeme Revisited.” Aristotle: The Classical Heritage of Rhetoric. Ed. Keith V. Erickson. Metuchen, NJ: The Scarecrow P, 1974.</ref>

“Rhetoric and Public Knowledge.” <ref>“Rhetoric and Public Knowledge.” Rhetoric, Philosophy, and Literature: An Exploration. Ed. Don M. Burks. West Lafayette, Ind: Purdue UP, 1976: 67–93.</ref>

“Functional Communication: A Situational Perspective.”<ref>“Functional Communication: A Situational Perspective.” Rhetoric in Transition: Studies in the Nature and Uses of Rhetoric. Ed. Eugene E. White. University Park: Pennsylvania State UP, 1980: 21–38.</ref>

“Bitzer on Vatz.”<ref>“Bitzer on Vatz.” Quarterly Journal of Speech 67.1 (1981): 99–101. Academic Search Premier. EBSCO. UTSA Lib., 18 Oct. 08. </ref>

“All Art is Founded in Science.”<ref>“All Art is Founded in Science.” Rhetoric Society Quarterly 13.1 (1983): 13–14. Humanities Index. JSTOR. UTSA Lib., 29 Sep. 08. </ref>

“George Orwell’s Rejection of Tyrannical Rhetoric.”<ref>“George Orwell’s Rejection of Tyrannical Rhetoric.” Oldspeak/Newspeak: Rhetorical Transformations. Ed. Charles W. Kneupper. Arlington, TX: Rhetorical Society of America, 1985: 1–6. </ref>

“Whately’s Distinction Between Inferring and Proving.”<ref>“Whately’s Distinction Between Inferring and Proving.” Journal of Philosophy and Rhetoric 25.4 (1992): 311–40. Academic Search Premier. EBSCO. UTSA Lib., 14 Oct. 08.</ref>

“Rhetoric’s Prospects: Past and Future.”<ref>“Rhetoric’s Prospects: Past and Future.” Making and Unmaking the Prospects for Rhetoric. Eds. Theresa Enos and Richard McNabb. Mahwah, NJ: Laurence Earlbaum Associates, 1997: 15–20.</ref>

“The ‘Indian Prince’ in miracle arguments of Hume and His Predecessors and Early Critics.”<ref>“The ‘Indian Prince’ in miracle arguments of Hume and His Predecessors and Early Critics.” Journal of Philosophy and Rhetoric 31.3 (1998): 175–230. Academic Search Premier. EBSCO. UTSA Lib., 16 Oct. 08.</ref>

“Edwin Black at Wisconsin, 1967–1994.”<ref>“Edwin Black at Wisconsin, 1967–1994.” Rhetoric and Public Affairs 10. (Oct. 2007): 497–500. Humanities Index. Muse. UTSA Lib., 18 Oct. 08. </ref>

== Further Readings ==

[http://compfaqs.org/CompositionFounders/TheAnnotatedBibliographyOfTheWorksWrittenAndEditedByLloydBitzer The Annotated Bibliography of the Works Written and Edited by Lloyd Bitzer
]

== Other Scholarly Views ==

==== Agreement ====

==== Opposition ====

[[Richard Vatz]]

== References ==

<references>

== External Links ==
* [http://www.phillwebb.net/topics/communication/Bitzer/Bitzer.htm Bitzer related Bibliography]

Lloyd Bitzer

2012-04-17T08:26:56Z

KennyD: /* Articles/Essays */

== Biography ==

'''Education'''

== Article Summaries ==

[[Bitzer, Lloyd "The Rhetorical Situation"]]

== Additional Works/ Publications ==

==== Books ====

==== Articles/Essays ====

“Aristotle’s Enthymeme Revisited.”<ref>“Aristotle’s Enthymeme Revisited.” Quarterly Journal of Speech 58.4 (1959): 399–408. Academic Search Premier. EBSCO. UTSA Lib., 28 Sep. 08. </ref>

“A Re-evaluation of Campbell’s Doctrine of Evidence.”<ref>“A Re-evaluation of Campbell’s Doctrine of Evidence.” Quarterly Journal of Speech 59.1 (1960): 135–40. Academic Search Premier. EBSCO. UTSA Lib., 28 Sep. 08. </ref>

[http://www.cwrl.utexas.edu/~davis/crs/E398t/Bitzer--Rhetorical%20Situation.pdf "The Rhetorical Situation"]<ref>“The Rhetorical Situation.” Philosophy and Rhetoric 1.1 (1968): 1–14. Academic Search Premier. EBSCO. UTSA Lib., 29 Sep. 08. </ref>

“Hume’s Philosophy in George Campbell’s Philosophy of Rhetoric.”<ref>“Hume’s Philosophy in George Campbell’s Philosophy of Rhetoric.” Journal of Philosophy and Rhetoric 2.3 (1969): 139–66.</ref>

“Aristotle’s Enthymeme Revisited.” <ref>“Aristotle’s Enthymeme Revisited.” Aristotle: The Classical Heritage of Rhetoric. Ed. Keith V. Erickson. Metuchen, NJ: The Scarecrow P, 1974.</ref>

“Rhetoric and Public Knowledge.” <ref>“Rhetoric and Public Knowledge.” Rhetoric, Philosophy, and Literature: An Exploration. Ed. Don M. Burks. West Lafayette, Ind: Purdue UP, 1976: 67–93.</ref>

“Functional Communication: A Situational Perspective.”<ref>“Functional Communication: A Situational Perspective.” Rhetoric in Transition: Studies in the Nature and Uses of Rhetoric. Ed. Eugene E. White. University Park: Pennsylvania State UP, 1980: 21–38.</ref>

“Bitzer on Vatz.”<ref>“Bitzer on Vatz.” Quarterly Journal of Speech 67.1 (1981): 99–101. Academic Search Premier. EBSCO. UTSA Lib., 18 Oct. 08. </ref>

“All Art is Founded in Science.”<ref>“All Art is Founded in Science.” Rhetoric Society Quarterly 13.1 (1983): 13–14. Humanities Index. JSTOR. UTSA Lib., 29 Sep. 08. </ref>

“George Orwell’s Rejection of Tyrannical Rhetoric.”<ref>“George Orwell’s Rejection of Tyrannical Rhetoric.” Oldspeak/Newspeak: Rhetorical Transformations. Ed. Charles W. Kneupper. Arlington, TX: Rhetorical Society of America, 1985: 1–6. </ref>

“Whately’s Distinction Between Inferring and Proving.”<ref>“Whately’s Distinction Between Inferring and Proving.” Journal of Philosophy and Rhetoric 25.4 (1992): 311–40. Academic Search Premier. EBSCO. UTSA Lib., 14 Oct. 08.</ref>

“Rhetoric’s Prospects: Past and Future.”<ref>“Rhetoric’s Prospects: Past and Future.” Making and Unmaking the Prospects for Rhetoric. Eds. Theresa Enos and Richard McNabb. Mahwah, NJ: Laurence Earlbaum Associates, 1997: 15–20.</ref>

“The ‘Indian Prince’ in miracle arguments of Hume and His Predecessors and Early Critics.”<ref>“The ‘Indian Prince’ in miracle arguments of Hume and His Predecessors and Early Critics.” Journal of Philosophy and Rhetoric 31.3 (1998): 175–230. Academic Search Premier. EBSCO. UTSA Lib., 16 Oct. 08.</ref>

“Edwin Black at Wisconsin, 1967–1994.”<ref>“Edwin Black at Wisconsin, 1967–1994.” Rhetoric and Public Affairs 10. (Oct. 2007): 497–500. Humanities Index. Muse. UTSA Lib., 18 Oct. 08. </ref>

== Further Readings ==

== Other Scholarly Views ==

==== Agreement ====

==== Opposition ====

[[Richard Vatz]]

== References ==

<references>

== External Links ==
* [http://www.phillwebb.net/topics/communication/Bitzer/Bitzer.htm Bitzer related Bibliography]

Lloyd Bitzer

2012-04-17T08:19:39Z

KennyD: /* Articles/Essays */

Lloyd Bitzer

2012-04-17T08:07:59Z

KennyD: /* References */

== Biography ==

'''Education'''

== Article Summaries ==

[[Bitzer, Lloyd "The Rhetorical Situation"]]

== Additional Works/ Publications ==

==== Books ====

==== Articles/Essays ====

*[http://www.cwrl.utexas.edu/~davis/crs/E398t/Bitzer--Rhetorical%20Situation.pdf "The Rhetorical Situation"]

“Aristotle’s Enthymeme Revisited.”<ref>“Aristotle’s Enthymeme Revisited.” Quarterly Journal of Speech 58.4 (1959): 399–408. Academic Search Premier. EBSCO. UTSA Lib., 28 Sep. 08. </ref>

== Further Readings ==

== Other Scholarly Views ==

==== Agreement ====

==== Opposition ====

[[Richard Vatz]]

== References ==

<references>

== External Links ==
* [http://www.phillwebb.net/topics/communication/Bitzer/Bitzer.htm Bitzer related Bibliography]

Lloyd Bitzer

2012-04-17T08:07:37Z

KennyD: /* Articles/Essays */

== Biography ==

'''Education'''

== Article Summaries ==

[[Bitzer, Lloyd "The Rhetorical Situation"]]

== Additional Works/ Publications ==

==== Books ====

==== Articles/Essays ====

*[http://www.cwrl.utexas.edu/~davis/crs/E398t/Bitzer--Rhetorical%20Situation.pdf "The Rhetorical Situation"]

“Aristotle’s Enthymeme Revisited.”<ref>“Aristotle’s Enthymeme Revisited.” Quarterly Journal of Speech 58.4 (1959): 399–408. Academic Search Premier. EBSCO. UTSA Lib., 28 Sep. 08. </ref>

== Further Readings ==

== Other Scholarly Views ==

==== Agreement ====

==== Opposition ====

[[Richard Vatz]]

== References ==

== External Links ==
* [http://www.phillwebb.net/topics/communication/Bitzer/Bitzer.htm Bitzer related Bibliography]

User:KennyD

2012-04-17T07:57:57Z

KennyD:

I have a long history of not writing personal biographies. My tradition is broken with this personal biography. Damn.

*Specified definitions of dialectic and historicity on Richard Weaver's article "The Cultural Role of Rhetoric"
*Added Richard Weaver into the Conservatism movement.
*Created an author page for Richard Vatz.
*Created an article page for Richard Vat's article "The Myth of the Rhetorical Situation"
*Created an author page for Lloyd Bitzer.
*Created an article page for Lloyd Bitzer's article "The Rhetorical Situation"
*Created a definition for the term "Exigence"
*Created a definition for the term "Constraints"

Bitzer, Lloyd "The Rhetorical Situation"

2012-04-17T07:56:28Z

KennyD: /* Abstract */

==Abstract==

In his article, “The Rhetorical Situation” [[Lloyd Bitzer]] claims that rhetorical discourse is the response to a rhetorical situation. There are three characteristics of a rhetorical situation.

*[[Exigence]] is the urgency for discourse to positively affect a situation.

*Audience is the group of people which can impact change that can be influenced by the discourse of the situation.

*[[Constraints]] that are comprised of persons and events that impact the exigence.

These three things have to be identified in order for rhetorical discourse crop up.

==Summary==

The rhetorical situation does not call a situation into existence, the situation calls rhetoric into existence. A situation is rhetorical when some specific situational circumstance requires the need for rhetoric. Rhetoric is needed when an audience must be pushed to do something. Bitzer defines a rhetorical with three key terms. Every rhetorical situation has exigence. Exigence is a problem that needs to be addressed and resolved by rhetoric. Rhetoric must find a solution for the problem or the situation is not rhetorical. This potential solution involves the second aspect: audience. A rhetorical situation in focused on reaching those with the power to facilitate change. The audience is the group of persons that can affect exigence. The audience must be able to work for and potentially manage change. The last requirement of a rhetorical situation is a set of constraints. Constraints are all the aspects of a situation that constrain decision and action. They are the obstacles that impede modifying the exigence.

The situation controls rhetoric. The situation controls the rhetorical response to the exigence.

==Possible Implications==

== Glossary Terms ==

Bitzer, Lloyd "The Rhetorical Situation"

2012-04-17T07:55:44Z

KennyD: /* Summary */

==Abstract==

In his article, “The Rhetorical Situation” [[Lloyd Bitzer]] claims that rhetorical discourse is the response to a rhetorical situation. There are three characteristics of a rhetorical situation.

*[[Exigence]] is the urgency for discourse to positively affect a situation.

*Audience is the group of people which can impact change that can be influenced by the discourse of the situation.

*Constraints that are comprised of persons and events that impact the exigence.

These three things have to be identified in order for rhetorical discourse crop up.

==Summary==

The rhetorical situation does not call a situation into existence, the situation calls rhetoric into existence. A situation is rhetorical when some specific situational circumstance requires the need for rhetoric. Rhetoric is needed when an audience must be pushed to do something. Bitzer defines a rhetorical with three key terms. Every rhetorical situation has exigence. Exigence is a problem that needs to be addressed and resolved by rhetoric. Rhetoric must find a solution for the problem or the situation is not rhetorical. This potential solution involves the second aspect: audience. A rhetorical situation in focused on reaching those with the power to facilitate change. The audience is the group of persons that can affect exigence. The audience must be able to work for and potentially manage change. The last requirement of a rhetorical situation is a set of constraints. Constraints are all the aspects of a situation that constrain decision and action. They are the obstacles that impede modifying the exigence.

The situation controls rhetoric. The situation controls the rhetorical response to the exigence.

==Possible Implications==

== Glossary Terms ==

Glossary

2012-04-17T07:50:30Z

KennyD: /* A-D */

== A-D ==

*'''Adumbration:''' the act of providing vague advance indications of a concept to come; also known as "prefiguration" (see [[Burke, Kenneth "Definition of Man"]])
*'''Aesthetics''': study of the mind and emotions in relation to the sense of beauty (see [[Perelman, Chaïm "The New Rhetoric: A Theory of Practical Reasoning"]])
*'''Affective fallacy''': coined by Wimsatt and Berdsley, the mistake of confusing a rhetorical artifact with its result; evaluating literature by its affect on the reader (see [[Richards, I.A. "How to Read a Page"]])
* '''Agency''': the ability to act and communicate (See [[Moeller, Ryan and David Christensen "System Mapping: A Genre Field Analysis of the National Science Foundation's Grant Proposal and Funding Process"]])
*'''Aleatoric''': chaotic; random; according to chance (see [[Ede, Lisa S. and Andrea A. Lunsford "On Distinctions between Classical and Modern Rhetoric"]])
*'''Ancillary:''' providing necessary but secondary support to an organization, institution, or industry (see [[Burke, Kenneth "Definition of Man"]])
*'''Animism''': the spiritual belief, subscribed to by Aristotle, that all objects have souls (see [[Ede, Lisa S. and Andrea A. Lunsford "On Distinctions between Classical and Modern Rhetoric"]])
*'''Antistrophos''': counterpart; opposite companion (see [[Ede, Lisa S. and Andrea A. Lunsford "On Distinctions between Classical and Modern Rhetoric"]])
*'''Antithetical''': in direct and unequivocal opposition (see [[Saussure, Ferdinand de "Nature of the Linguistic Sign"]])
*'''Antilogy''': a contradiction in terms or ideas (see [[Perelman, Chaïm "The New Rhetoric: A Theory of Practical Reasoning"]])
*'''Aphorism''': a pithy observation that contains a general truth(see [[Foucault, Michel "What Is an Author?"]])
*'''Apodictic philosophy''': something demonstrated therefore true (see [[Perelman, Chaïm "The New Rhetoric: A Theory of Practical Reasoning"]])
*'''Architectonic''': productive, a mode of learning rather than merely observation (see [[McKeon, Richard “The Uses of Rhetoric in a Technological Age: Architectonic Productive Arts”]]])
*'''Articulation''': a connection or linking of parts to form a unity. (see [[Hea, Amy C. Kimme "Riding The Wave"]])
*'''Articulation Theory''': is well-suited to examinations of technology because it addresses a range of cultural concerns manifest in the design, development, production, circulation, and consumption of technologies. (see [[Hea, Amy C. Kimme "Riding The Wave"]])
*'''Axiological:''' relating to the study of values (see [[“The Cultural Role of Rhetoric” by Richard Weaver]])
*'''Axiom''': a self-evident truth that requires no proof (see [[Perelman, Chaïm "The New Rhetoric: A Theory of Practical Reasoning"]])

 

*'''Backing''': in the [[Toulmin Model of Argument]], a fact or set of facts that support an argument's warrant (see [[Toulmin, Stephen "The Layout of Arguments"]])
*'''Bombast''': pretentious or inflated speech or writing
*'''Bricolage''': in art or literature, construction or creation from a diverse range of available things (see [[April 5 Class Notes]])

 

*'''Canonical''': accepted as being accurate and authoritative (see [[Foucault, Michel "What Is an Author?"]])
*'''Casuistry''': the practice of applying general moral principles to specific cases; also known as case ethics (see [[Toulmin, Stephen "The Layout of Arguments"]]; [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casuistry Casuistry])
*'''Categorical imperative''': the philosophical concept proposed by [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immanuel_Kant Immanuel Kant] that moral obligations are binding in all circumstances, regardless of positive or negative consequences (see [[Perelman, Chaïm "The New Rhetoric: A Theory of Practical Reasoning"]])
*'''Chariot allegory''': Socrates compares the soul to chariot horses and their rider. He believes the soul (chariot rider) is immortal and consists of one good horse and one bad horse. The soul is in constant struggle balancing and choosing between the two horses. Through the good soul only, the chariot can make it to eternity or heaven (see [[“The Cultural Role of Rhetoric” by Richard Weaver]])
*'''Classical rhetoric''': theory of persuasive discourse (see [[Perelman, Chaïm "The New Rhetoric: A Theory of Practical Reasoning"]])
*'''Close reading''': meticulous, word-level interpretation, rather than general analysis; has greatly influenced modern criticism (see [[Richards, I.A. "How to Read a Page"]])
*'''Compendia''': a brief summary of a larger work or of a field of knowledge (see [[Ede, Lisa S. and Andrea A. Lunsford "On Distinctions between Classical and Modern Rhetoric"]])
*'''Comprehensive Sampling''': small enough to code every item (see [[Blythe, Stuart "Coding Digital Texts and Multimedia"]])
*'''Constraints''': The elements that affect the rhetorical response to exigence. (see [[Bitzer, Lloyd "The Rhetorical Situation"]])
*'''Continuum''': a continuous spectrum; a sequence in which the extremes are quite distinct while individual adjacent elements are similar (see [[Burke, Kenneth "Definition of Man"]])
*'''Convenience Sampling''': readily available item(s) with little credibility alone (see [[Blythe, Stuart "Coding Digital Texts and Multimedia"]])
*'''Criterion Sampling''': texts meet certain criteria such as textual features, author attributes, intended audience, or types of media (see [[Blythe, Stuart "Coding Digital Texts and Multimedia"]])

 

*'''Data coding''': the act of sorting and classifying artifacts to quantitatively assess certain aspects of it; a five-step process including identifying a set of artifacts, defining a unit to be analyzed, creating codes to classify instances of that unit, testing the reliability of the work, and publicizing results (see [[Blythe, Stuart "Coding Digital Texts and Multimedia"]])
*'''Death of the Author''': Roland Barthe's essay argues that the author's personal background should be irrelevant to interpretation of his or her writing; the concept proposed in the essay (see [[Barthes, Roland "Death of the Author"]])
*'''Deictic''': denoting a word or expression whose meaning is dependent on the context in which it is used (see [[Foucault, Michel "What Is an Author?"]])
*'''Diachronic''': relating to phenomena, often literary or cultural, as they occur or change over a period of time (see [[Saussure, Ferdinand de "Nature of the Linguistic Sign"]])
*'''Dialectic''': two-sided dialogue, formal argumentation system, conversation (see [[Ede, Lisa S. and Andrea A. Lunsford "On Distinctions between Classical and Modern Rhetoric"]])
*'''Dialectical reasoning''': moving back and forth between contrary lines of reasoning examing both arguments (see [[Perelman, Chaïm "The New Rhetoric: A Theory of Practical Reasoning"]])
*'''Dialogic''': interpretation or understanding of a text based on an interpretation or understanding of other related texts (see [[Bakhtin, Mikhail "Toward a Methodology for the Human Sciences"]])
*'''Dispositio''': the system used for the organization of arguments in Western classical rhetoric (see [[Ede, Lisa S. and Andrea A. Lunsford "On Distinctions between Classical and Modern Rhetoric"]])
*'''Doxa''': constantly evolving day-to-day knowledge; "popular belief" (see [[Ede, Lisa S. and Andrea A. Lunsford "On Distinctions between Classical and Modern Rhetoric"]])

== E-H ==
*'''Ecriture''': the idea that a text's author becomes a "transcendental anonymity"; the French word for "writing"(see [[Foucault, Michel "What Is an Author?"]])
*'''Elocutio''': the mastery of stylistic elements in Western classical rhetoric and comes from the Latin ''loqui'', "to speak" (see [[Burke, Kenneth "Definition of Man"]])
*'''Endoxa''': commonly held knowledge among a community and its leaders; a more reliable counterpart of doxa
*'''Entelechy''': a realization or actuality as opposed to a potentiality; the actualization of form-giving cause as contrasted with potential existence (see [[Burke, Kenneth "Definition of Man"]])
*'''Enthymeme''': abbreviated form of a syllogism which assumes one of two premises is a given (see [[Ede, Lisa S. and Andrea A. Lunsford "On Distinctions between Classical and Modern Rhetoric"]])
*'''Episteme''': knowledge of the absolute, eternal truth (see [[Ede, Lisa S. and Andrea A. Lunsford "On Distinctions between Classical and Modern Rhetoric"]], [[Plato]], [http://rhetorclick.com/wiki/Theories_and_Movements#Sophism Sophism] , [[Aristotle]], )
*'''Esperanto''': an artificial international language based as far as possible on words common to the chief European languages (see [[Saussure, Ferdinand de "Nature of the Linguistic Sign"]])
*'''Ethos''': the persuasive appeal of one's character, credibility, or apparent trustworthiness, especially how this character is established by means of speech or discourse (see [[Ede, Lisa S. and Andrea A. Lunsford "On Distinctions between Classical and Modern Rhetoric"]]
*'''Etymology''': the study of the history of words and their evolution over time (see [[Burke, Kenneth "Definition of Man"]])
*'''Evidentials''': a form of metadiscourse used to express attitudes toward knowledge (see [[Blythe, Stuart "Coding Digital Texts and Multimedia"]])
*'''Existentialism''': a philosophical theory emphasizing the individual as a free and responsible agent determining his or her own development through acts of the will (see [[Perelman, Chaïm "The New Rhetoric: A Theory of Practical Reasoning"]])
*'''Exegesis''': interpretation of a text often exploring its historical context and seeking to identify its cultural significance (see [[Foucault, Michel "What Is an Author?"]]
*'''Exigence''': A problem that needs to be addressed and resolved by rhetoric. (see [[Bitzer, Lloyd "The Rhetorical Situation"]])

*'''Exordium''': the introduction, especially of a discourse or treatise (see [[Perelman, Chaïm "The New Rhetoric: A Theory of Practical Reasoning"]])

 

*'''Fallacious''': containing or based on a fallacy (see [[“The Cultural Role of Rhetoric” by Richard Weaver]])
*'''Forensic speaking''': use of rhetoric to attack or defend someone in a judicial setting; defined by [[Aristotle]] as one of three forms of rhetoric (see [[Perelman, Chaïm "The New Rhetoric: A Theory of Practical Reasoning"]])

 

*'''Gaze''': to see, accidentally or on purpose, behind the curtain of public disclosure and into the private lives of research subjects. (see [[Sidler, Michelle "Playing Scavenger and Gazer with Scientific Discourse: Opportunities and Ethics for Online Research"]])
* '''Genre''': a continuous and structured activity; anything that a large group of people do similarly (see [[Moeller, Ryan and David Christensen "System Mapping: A Genre Field Analysis of the National Science Foundation's Grant Proposal and Funding Process" ]])
* '''Genre agents''': documents and websites which offer key information involved in the genre process (see [[Moeller, Ryan and David Christensen "System Mapping: A Genre Field Analysis of the National Science Foundation's Grant Proposal and Funding Process" ]] )
* '''Genre field''': everything that goes into making a genre (see [[Moeller, Ryan and David Christensen "System Mapping: A Genre Field Analysis of the National Science Foundation's Grant Proposal and Funding Process"]])

 

*'''Heteroglossia''': the qualities of a language (such as ideology, perspective, etc.) that are extralinguistic but common to all languages (see [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikhail_Bakhtin#The_Dialogic_Imagination:_Chronotope.2C_Heteroglossia The Dialogic Imagination])
*'''Historicity''': the shared historical foundation underlying cultures and texts (see [[Weaver, Richard "The Cultural Role of Rhetoric]])
*'''Homonymy''': the relation between two words that are spelled the same way but differ in meaning (see [[Foucault, Michel "What Is an Author?"]])
*'''Hypertext''': non-sequential, often digital, writing; writing "in which the logical connections between elements are primarily associative rather than syllogistic" (see [[Slatin, John M. "Reading Hypertext: Order and Coherence in a New Medium"]])

== I-L ==

*'''Intentional fallacy''': the concept that an author's words alone, not intent, should be examined because an author's mind can never be truly known (see [[Richards, I.A. "How to Read a Page"]])
*'''Interpretant''': how a person perceives a sign or representation (see [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sign_(semiotics)#Triadic_signs Triadic signs])
*'''Inter-textual variations''': differences in the way texts are structured through alphanumeric cues (headings and numbers), spatial cues (horizontal and vertical distribution of text) and graphic cues (bullets, arrows, lines, etc.) (see [https://pantherfile.uwm.edu/alred/www/pdf/kostelnick-rhetoricoftext.pdf Rhetoric of Text])
*'''Intra-textual variations''': changes in typography and design within a document (see [https://pantherfile.uwm.edu/alred/www/pdf/kostelnick-rhetoricoftext.pdf Rhetoric of Text])
*'''Inventio''': the system or method used for the discovery of arguments in Western rhetoric (see [[Ede, Lisa S. and Andrea A. Lunsford "On Distinctions between Classical and Modern Rhetoric"]])
*'''Isomorphous''': being of identical or similar form, shape, or structure (see [[Bakhtin, Mikhail "Toward a Methodology for the Human Sciences"]])
*'''Instrumental value judgment''': an argument that uses values as a means to alread accepted ends, or as obstacles to their attainment (see [[Perelman, Chaïm "The New Rhetoric: A Theory of Practical Reasoning"]])
*'''Intuitionism''': the theory that primary truths and principles, especially those of ethics and metaphysics, are known through intuition rather than learning (see [[Perelman, Chaïm "The New Rhetoric: A Theory of Practical Reasoning"]])

 

*'''Kairos''': the oportune time and/or place; the right or appropriate time to say or do the right thing (see [http://rhetorclick.com/wiki/Theories_and_Movements#Sophism Sophism], [[Aristotle]], [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isocrates Isocrates], [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kairos Kairos]
*'''Krisis''': point of judgment, moment of decision (see [[Ede, Lisa S. and Andrea A. Lunsford "On Distinctions between Classical and Modern Rhetoric"]])

 

*'''Langue''': the underlying structures of a language, which are time-ignorant and related to synchronic linguistics (see [[Saussure, Ferdinand de "Nature of the Linguistic Sign"]])
*'''Latent content''': content that is subjective or relevant because of its implied, rather than immediately apparent, meaning (see [[Blythe, Stuart "Coding Digital Texts and Multimedia"]])
*'''Lexia''': parts of a text that are separated from the meaning of the work as a whole to show the multiplicity of meaning and references
*'''Logology''': study of language and symbols (see [[Burke, Kenneth "Definition of Man"]])
*'''Logomachies''': a dispute over or about words
*'''Logos''': the logical appeal that attempts to persuade the audience using intellect and reason (Persuasive appeals: [[Ede, Lisa S. and Andrea A. Lunsford "On Distinctions between Classical and Modern Rhetoric"]])
*'''Logical empiricism''': the school of philosophy that combines empiricism (the idea that observational evidence is indispensable for knowledge of the world) with a version of rationalism incorporating mathematical and logico-linguistic constructs (see [[Perelman, Chaïm "The New Rhetoric: A Theory of Practical Reasoning"]])

== M-P ==

*'''Manifest Content''': observable in a text, easy to spot, measured quantitatively (see [[Blythe, Stuart "Coding Digital Texts and Multimedia"]])
*'''Method''': procedures and techniques, such as content, discourse, and genre analysis (see [[Blythe, Stuart "Coding Digital Texts and Multimedia"]])
*'''Methodology''': assumptions and theories; “the underlying theory and analysis of how research does or should proceed” – Kirsch and Sullivan (see [[Blythe, Stuart "Coding Digital Texts and Multimedia"]])
*'''Modal Qualifiers''': terms such as "probably" and "presumably," which indicate an author's level of certainty (see [[Toulmin, Stephen "The Layout of Arguments"]])
*'''Monologism''': interpretation of a text without relation to other influencing texts (see [[Bakhtin, Mikhail "Toward a Methodology for the Human Sciences"]]
*'''Monotonic reasoning''': reasoning in which adding new information does not change the outcome (e.g., "Socrates has brown hair" does not change the outcome of the example syllogism "Socrates is a man; all men are mortal; therefore, Socrates is mortal") (see [[Toulmin, Stephen "The Layout of Arguments"]])

 

*'''Natura naturans''': nature doing what nature does (see [[Bakhtin, Mikhail "Toward a Methodology for the Human Sciences"]])
*'''Natura naurata''': nature already created (see [[Bakhtin, Mikhail "Toward a Methodology for the Human Sciences"]])
*'''New Criticism''': a movement that viewed texts as completely autonomous (see [[Richards, I.A. "How to Read a Page"]])
*'''New Rhetoric''': theory of argumentation (See [[Perelman, Chaïm "The New Rhetoric: A Theory of Practical Reasoning"]])
*'''Node''': any object which is linked to another object (see [[Slatin, John M. "Reading Hypertext: Order and Coherence in a New Medium"]])
*'''Nominalism''': the belief that universals are mere names without any reality (see [[“The Cultural Role of Rhetoric” by Richard Weaver]])
*'''Non-monotonic reasoning''': reasoning in which adding new information changes the outcome (see [[Toulmin, Stephen "The Layout of Arguments"]])
*'''Nonverbal units''': physical communication such as gestures and facial expressions or characteristics of speech such as volume, pitch, and speed (see [[Blythe, Stuart "Coding Digital Texts and Multimedia"]])
*'''Narrative paradigm''': [[Walter Fisher]]'s theory that all forms of communication are a type of storytelling and that all human experience evolves as a type of "narrative"; contrast to the "Rational World Paradigm" (see [[Fisher, Walter "Narration as a Human Communication Paradigm"]])

 

*'''Organon''': an instrument for acquiring knowledge; specifically, a body of principles of scientific or philosophic investigation (see [[Ede, Lisa S. and Andrea A. Lunsford "On Distinctions between Classical and Modern Rhetoric"]])
*'''Orthographic''': a projection of a single view of an object onto a drawing surface in which the lines of projection are perpendicular to the drawing surface (see [[Saussure, Ferdinand de "Nature of the Linguistic Sign"]])

 

*'''Parlance''': a particular way of speaking, especially a way common to those with a particular job or interest (see [[Burke, Kenneth "Definition of Man"]])
*'''Paradeigma''': use of example or anecdotal evidence to prove a point (see [[Ede, Lisa S. and Andrea A. Lunsford "On Distinctions between Classical and Modern Rhetoric"]])
*'''Parole''': the use of language, which is time-conscious and related to diachronic linguistics (see [[Saussure, Ferdinand de "Nature of the Linguistic Sign"]])
*'''Pathos''': the appeal to emotion and shared values; often used in advertising and thought to be manipulative but also extremely effective (Persuasive appeals: [[Ede, Lisa S. and Andrea A. Lunsford "On Distinctions between Classical and Modern Rhetoric"]]
*'''Pejorative''': a word or phrase that has negative connotations or that is intended to disparage or belittle (see [[Ede, Lisa S. and Andrea A. Lunsford "On Distinctions between Classical and Modern Rhetoric"]])
*'''Perennial''': continuing without interruption (see [[Burke, Kenneth "Definition of Man"]])
*'''Phoneme''': a unit of the phonetic system of a language that corresponds to a set of similar speech sounds perceived to be a single distinctive sound in the language (e.g., the velar \k\ of cool and the palatal \k\ of keel) (see [[Saussure, Ferdinand de "Nature of the Linguistic Sign"]])
*'''Pisteis''': proofs, persuasive appeals: (logos, ethos, pathos); artistic (logical, logos, nonlogical, ethos and pathos) and inartistic (tangible evidence) (see [["On Distinctions between Classical and Modern Rhetoric" by Andrea A. Lunsford and Lisa S. Ede]])
* '''Play theory''': the theory that any and all activities have rules, specific outcomes, and some sort of strategy to win (See [[Moeller, Ryan and David Christensen "System Mapping: A Genre Field Analysis of the National Science Foundation's Grant Proposal and Funding Process"]] )
* '''Player agents''': people involved in the process of play theory (See [[Moeller, Ryan and David Christensen "System Mapping: A Genre Field Analysis of the National Science Foundation's Grant Proposal and Funding Process"]] )
*'''Poeis''': fine arts (see [[Ede, Lisa S. and Andrea A. Lunsford "On Distinctions between Classical and Modern Rhetoric"]])
*'''Polyglossia''': the hybrid nature of language (see [[Mikhail Bakhtin]] and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikhail_Bakhtin#The_Dialogic_Imagination:_Chronotope.2C_Heteroglossia The Dialogic Imagination]
*'''Positivist empiricism''': emphasizes role of experience and evidence especially sensory perception (see [[Perelman, Chaïm "The New Rhetoric: A Theory of Practical Reasoning"]])
*'''Priori''': relating to or derived by reasoning from self-evident propositions (see [[Saussure, Ferdinand de "Nature of the Linguistic Sign"]])
*'''Promulgation''': making known by open declaration; proclaiming formally or put into operation (as in a law, decree of a court, etc.) (see [[Burke, Kenneth "Definition of Man"]])
*'''Proofs''': Justification, reasoning, argumentation. (see [[Perelman, Chaïm "The New Rhetoric: A Theory of Practical Reasoning"]])

== Q-T ==

*'''Random sampling''': the process of collecting data by assigning a number to each element in the overall set, then use a random number generator to select units of data from the set (see [[Blythe, Stuart "Coding Digital Texts and Multimedia"]])
*'''Rationalism''': the theory that truth is intellectual, not sensory, and can only be known through deductive reasoning (see [[Perelman, Chaïm "The New Rhetoric: A Theory of Practical Reasoning"]])
*'''Rationalistic idealism''': the theory that a criterion of truth is not sensory but intellectual and deductive (see [[Perelman, Chaïm "The New Rhetoric: A Theory of Practical Reasoning"]])
*'''Rediscovering''': the effects of analogy or isomorphism with current forms of knowledge that allow the perception of forgotten or obscured figures (See [[Foucault, Michel "What Is an Author?"]])
*'''Replicability''': in research, the ability of others to yield the same or similar results as those in a completed study (see [[Rickly, Rebecca "Messy Contexts: Research as a Rhetorical Situation"]])
*'''Representamen''': the object that something, often a sign, represents, creating in the mind an equivalent sign, or perhaps a more developed sign (see [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sign_(semiotics)#Triadic_signs Triadic signs])
*'''Rhetoric''': (see [[Definitions of Rhetoric]])
*'''Rhetorical Situation''': the context of a rhetorical event that consists of an issue, an audience, and a set of constraints. Two leading views of the rhetorical situation exist today. One argues that a situation determines and brings about rhetoric, while the other proposes that rhetoric creates “situations” by making issues salient. (see [[Lloyd Bitzer]], [[Richard Vatz]], [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhetorical_situation Rhetorical Situation Wikipedia])
*'''Rhetorical units''': equivalent texts or portions of texts with the same author, intended audience, and purpose (see [[Blythe, Stuart "Coding Digital Texts and Multimedia"]])

 

*'''Semantic''': of or relating to meaning in language (see [[Bakhtin, Mikhail "Toward a Methodology for the Human Sciences"]])
*'''Semiology''': the study of signs (see [[Saussure, Ferdinand de "Nature of the Linguistic Sign"]])
*'''Signified''': the mental concept of an object being represented by a word or sign (see [[Saussure, Ferdinand de "Nature of the Linguistic Sign"]])
*'''Signifier''': the material (or physical form) of the sign (see [[Saussure, Ferdinand de "Nature of the Linguistic Sign"]])
*'''Spatiotemporal:''' belonging to both space and time or to space-time (see [[“The Cultural Role of Rhetoric” by Richard Weaver]])
*'''Syllogism''': a logical, deductive conclusion drawn from two related premises (see [[Ede, Lisa S. and Andrea A. Lunsford "On Distinctions between Classical and Modern Rhetoric"]])
*'''Supra-textual structuring''': visual cues that create coherence between elements of a document, e.g., headers, indentation, page orientation, white space, placement of extra-textual elements such as data display and pictures, icons, page color, and lines (see [https://pantherfile.uwm.edu/alred/www/pdf/kostelnick-rhetoricoftext.pdf Rhetoric of Text])
*'''Synchronic''': relating to language or other phenomena at a specific period; opposite of diachronic (see [[Saussure, Ferdinand de "Nature of the Linguistic Sign"]])
*'''Suasory:''' intended to persuade (see [[Burke, Kenneth "Definition of Man"]])
*'''Subjectivism''': the theory that that knowledge is subjective and that there is no external or objective truth (see [[Perelman, Chaïm "The New Rhetoric: A Theory of Practical Reasoning"]])

 

*'''T-units''': “consist of a principle clause and any subordinate clauses or non-clausal structures attached to or embedded in it” – Geisler (see [[Blythe, Stuart "Coding Digital Texts and Multimedia"]])
*'''Tautology''': the use of different words to say the same thing twice; a statement that is true because of its logical form (see [[Perelman, Chaïm "The New Rhetoric: A Theory of Practical Reasoning"]])
*'''Techne''': an art or craft, rather than a knack (see [[Ede, Lisa S. and Andrea A. Lunsford "On Distinctions between Classical and Modern Rhetoric"]])
*'''Telos''': an ultimate end (see [[Burke, Kenneth "Definition of Man"]])
*'''Trivium''': an introductory curriculum at medieval universities involving the study of grammar, rhetoric, and logic (see [[Bryant, Donald C. "Rhetoric: Its Functions and Its Scope"]])
*'''Tropism''': growth toward or away from external stimulus (see [[Burke, Kenneth "Definition of Man"]])

== U-Z ==

*'''Validity''': in research, the ability of data to answer the question being studied (see [[Rickly, Rebecca "Messy Contexts: Research as a Rhetorical Situation"]])
*'''Verbal units''': words, phrases, and clauses that help identify how an author orients a reader to other phenomena (see [[Blythe, Stuart "Coding Digital Texts and Multimedia"]])
 
*'''"Vir bonus dicendi peritus"''': "a good man speaking well"; Quintillian's definition of rhetoric as entwined with the author's moral character
*'''Warrant''': in the [[Toulmin Model of Argument]], an often implicit assumption that supports the inference of the claim from the data/evidence (see [[Toulmin, Stephen "The Layout of Arguments"]])

Bitzer, Lloyd "The Rhetorical Situation"

2012-04-17T07:47:34Z

KennyD: /* Abstract */

==Abstract==

In his article, “The Rhetorical Situation” [[Lloyd Bitzer]] claims that rhetorical discourse is the response to a rhetorical situation. There are three characteristics of a rhetorical situation.

*[[Exigence]] is the urgency for discourse to positively affect a situation.

*Audience is the group of people which can impact change that can be influenced by the discourse of the situation.

*Constraints that are comprised of persons and events that impact the exigence.

These three things have to be identified in order for rhetorical discourse crop up.

==Summary==

The rhetorical situation does not call a situation into existence, the situation calls rhetoric into existence. A situation is rhetorical when some specific situational circumstance requires the need for rhetoric. Rhetoric is needed when an audience must be pushed to do something. Bitzer defines a rhetorical with three key terms. Every rhetorical situation has exigence. Exigence is a problem that needs to be addressed and resolved by rhetoric. Rhetoric must find a solution for the problem or the situation is not rhetorical. This potential solution involves the second aspect: audience. A rhetorical situation in focused on reaching those with the power to facilitate change. The audience is the group of persons that can affect exigence. The audience must be able to work for and potentially manage change. The last requirement of a rhetorical situation is a set of constraints. Constraints are all the aspects of a situation that constrain decision and action. They are the obstacles that impede modifying the exigence.

In summary, the situation controls rhetoric. The situation controls the rhetorical response to the exigence.

==Possible Implications==

== Glossary Terms ==

Bitzer, Lloyd "The Rhetorical Situation"

2012-04-17T07:47:05Z

KennyD:

==Abstract==

In his article, “The Rhetorical Situation” [[Lloyd Bitzer]] claims that rhetorical discourse is the response to a rhetorical situation. There are three characteristics of a rhetorical situation.

*Exigence is the urgency for discourse to positively affect a situation.

*Audience is the group of people which can impact change that can be influenced by the discourse of the situation.

*Constraints that are comprised of persons and events that impact the exigence.

These three things have to be identified in order for rhetorical discourse crop up.

==Summary==

The rhetorical situation does not call a situation into existence, the situation calls rhetoric into existence. A situation is rhetorical when some specific situational circumstance requires the need for rhetoric. Rhetoric is needed when an audience must be pushed to do something. Bitzer defines a rhetorical with three key terms. Every rhetorical situation has exigence. Exigence is a problem that needs to be addressed and resolved by rhetoric. Rhetoric must find a solution for the problem or the situation is not rhetorical. This potential solution involves the second aspect: audience. A rhetorical situation in focused on reaching those with the power to facilitate change. The audience is the group of persons that can affect exigence. The audience must be able to work for and potentially manage change. The last requirement of a rhetorical situation is a set of constraints. Constraints are all the aspects of a situation that constrain decision and action. They are the obstacles that impede modifying the exigence.

In summary, the situation controls rhetoric. The situation controls the rhetorical response to the exigence.

==Possible Implications==

== Glossary Terms ==

Glossary

2012-04-17T07:07:14Z

KennyD: /* E-H */

== A-D ==

*'''Adumbration:''' the act of providing vague advance indications of a concept to come; also known as "prefiguration" (see [[Burke, Kenneth "Definition of Man"]])
*'''Aesthetics''': study of the mind and emotions in relation to the sense of beauty (see [[Perelman, Chaïm "The New Rhetoric: A Theory of Practical Reasoning"]])
*'''Affective fallacy''': coined by Wimsatt and Berdsley, the mistake of confusing a rhetorical artifact with its result; evaluating literature by its affect on the reader (see [[Richards, I.A. "How to Read a Page"]])
* '''Agency''': the ability to act and communicate (See [[Moeller, Ryan and David Christensen "System Mapping: A Genre Field Analysis of the National Science Foundation's Grant Proposal and Funding Process"]])
*'''Aleatoric''': chaotic; random; according to chance (see [[Ede, Lisa S. and Andrea A. Lunsford "On Distinctions between Classical and Modern Rhetoric"]])
*'''Ancillary:''' providing necessary but secondary support to an organization, institution, or industry (see [[Burke, Kenneth "Definition of Man"]])
*'''Animism''': the spiritual belief, subscribed to by Aristotle, that all objects have souls (see [[Ede, Lisa S. and Andrea A. Lunsford "On Distinctions between Classical and Modern Rhetoric"]])
*'''Antistrophos''': counterpart; opposite companion (see [[Ede, Lisa S. and Andrea A. Lunsford "On Distinctions between Classical and Modern Rhetoric"]])
*'''Antithetical''': in direct and unequivocal opposition (see [[Saussure, Ferdinand de "Nature of the Linguistic Sign"]])
*'''Antilogy''': a contradiction in terms or ideas (see [[Perelman, Chaïm "The New Rhetoric: A Theory of Practical Reasoning"]])
*'''Aphorism''': a pithy observation that contains a general truth(see [[Foucault, Michel "What Is an Author?"]])
*'''Apodictic philosophy''': something demonstrated therefore true (see [[Perelman, Chaïm "The New Rhetoric: A Theory of Practical Reasoning"]])
*'''Architectonic''': productive, a mode of learning rather than merely observation (see [[McKeon, Richard “The Uses of Rhetoric in a Technological Age: Architectonic Productive Arts”]]])
*'''Articulation''': a connection or linking of parts to form a unity. (see [[Hea, Amy C. Kimme "Riding The Wave"]])
*'''Articulation Theory''': is well-suited to examinations of technology because it addresses a range of cultural concerns manifest in the design, development, production, circulation, and consumption of technologies. (see [[Hea, Amy C. Kimme "Riding The Wave"]])
*'''Axiological:''' relating to the study of values (see [[“The Cultural Role of Rhetoric” by Richard Weaver]])
*'''Axiom''': a self-evident truth that requires no proof (see [[Perelman, Chaïm "The New Rhetoric: A Theory of Practical Reasoning"]])

 

*'''Backing''': in the [[Toulmin Model of Argument]], a fact or set of facts that support an argument's warrant (see [[Toulmin, Stephen "The Layout of Arguments"]])
*'''Bombast''': pretentious or inflated speech or writing
*'''Bricolage''': in art or literature, construction or creation from a diverse range of available things (see [[April 5 Class Notes]])

 

*'''Canonical''': accepted as being accurate and authoritative (see [[Foucault, Michel "What Is an Author?"]])
*'''Casuistry''': the practice of applying general moral principles to specific cases; also known as case ethics (see [[Toulmin, Stephen "The Layout of Arguments"]]; [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casuistry Casuistry])
*'''Categorical imperative''': the philosophical concept proposed by [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immanuel_Kant Immanuel Kant] that moral obligations are binding in all circumstances, regardless of positive or negative consequences (see [[Perelman, Chaïm "The New Rhetoric: A Theory of Practical Reasoning"]])
*'''Chariot allegory''': Socrates compares the soul to chariot horses and their rider. He believes the soul (chariot rider) is immortal and consists of one good horse and one bad horse. The soul is in constant struggle balancing and choosing between the two horses. Through the good soul only, the chariot can make it to eternity or heaven (see [[“The Cultural Role of Rhetoric” by Richard Weaver]])
*'''Classical rhetoric''': theory of persuasive discourse (see [[Perelman, Chaïm "The New Rhetoric: A Theory of Practical Reasoning"]])
*'''Close reading''': meticulous, word-level interpretation, rather than general analysis; has greatly influenced modern criticism (see [[Richards, I.A. "How to Read a Page"]])
*'''Compendia''': a brief summary of a larger work or of a field of knowledge (see [[Ede, Lisa S. and Andrea A. Lunsford "On Distinctions between Classical and Modern Rhetoric"]])
*'''Comprehensive Sampling''': small enough to code every item (see [[Blythe, Stuart "Coding Digital Texts and Multimedia"]])
*'''Continuum''': a continuous spectrum; a sequence in which the extremes are quite distinct while individual adjacent elements are similar (see [[Burke, Kenneth "Definition of Man"]])
*'''Convenience Sampling''': readily available item(s) with little credibility alone (see [[Blythe, Stuart "Coding Digital Texts and Multimedia"]])
*'''Criterion Sampling''': texts meet certain criteria such as textual features, author attributes, intended audience, or types of media (see [[Blythe, Stuart "Coding Digital Texts and Multimedia"]])

 

*'''Data coding''': the act of sorting and classifying artifacts to quantitatively assess certain aspects of it; a five-step process including identifying a set of artifacts, defining a unit to be analyzed, creating codes to classify instances of that unit, testing the reliability of the work, and publicizing results (see [[Blythe, Stuart "Coding Digital Texts and Multimedia"]])
*'''Death of the Author''': Roland Barthe's essay argues that the author's personal background should be irrelevant to interpretation of his or her writing; the concept proposed in the essay (see [[Barthes, Roland "Death of the Author"]])
*'''Deictic''': denoting a word or expression whose meaning is dependent on the context in which it is used (see [[Foucault, Michel "What Is an Author?"]])
*'''Diachronic''': relating to phenomena, often literary or cultural, as they occur or change over a period of time (see [[Saussure, Ferdinand de "Nature of the Linguistic Sign"]])
*'''Dialectic''': two-sided dialogue, formal argumentation system, conversation (see [[Ede, Lisa S. and Andrea A. Lunsford "On Distinctions between Classical and Modern Rhetoric"]])
*'''Dialectical reasoning''': moving back and forth between contrary lines of reasoning examing both arguments (see [[Perelman, Chaïm "The New Rhetoric: A Theory of Practical Reasoning"]])
*'''Dialogic''': interpretation or understanding of a text based on an interpretation or understanding of other related texts (see [[Bakhtin, Mikhail "Toward a Methodology for the Human Sciences"]])
*'''Dispositio''': the system used for the organization of arguments in Western classical rhetoric (see [[Ede, Lisa S. and Andrea A. Lunsford "On Distinctions between Classical and Modern Rhetoric"]])
*'''Doxa''': constantly evolving day-to-day knowledge; "popular belief" (see [[Ede, Lisa S. and Andrea A. Lunsford "On Distinctions between Classical and Modern Rhetoric"]])

== E-H ==
*'''Ecriture''': the idea that a text's author becomes a "transcendental anonymity"; the French word for "writing"(see [[Foucault, Michel "What Is an Author?"]])
*'''Elocutio''': the mastery of stylistic elements in Western classical rhetoric and comes from the Latin ''loqui'', "to speak" (see [[Burke, Kenneth "Definition of Man"]])
*'''Endoxa''': commonly held knowledge among a community and its leaders; a more reliable counterpart of doxa
*'''Entelechy''': a realization or actuality as opposed to a potentiality; the actualization of form-giving cause as contrasted with potential existence (see [[Burke, Kenneth "Definition of Man"]])
*'''Enthymeme''': abbreviated form of a syllogism which assumes one of two premises is a given (see [[Ede, Lisa S. and Andrea A. Lunsford "On Distinctions between Classical and Modern Rhetoric"]])
*'''Episteme''': knowledge of the absolute, eternal truth (see [[Ede, Lisa S. and Andrea A. Lunsford "On Distinctions between Classical and Modern Rhetoric"]], [[Plato]], [http://rhetorclick.com/wiki/Theories_and_Movements#Sophism Sophism] , [[Aristotle]], )
*'''Esperanto''': an artificial international language based as far as possible on words common to the chief European languages (see [[Saussure, Ferdinand de "Nature of the Linguistic Sign"]])
*'''Ethos''': the persuasive appeal of one's character, credibility, or apparent trustworthiness, especially how this character is established by means of speech or discourse (see [[Ede, Lisa S. and Andrea A. Lunsford "On Distinctions between Classical and Modern Rhetoric"]]
*'''Etymology''': the study of the history of words and their evolution over time (see [[Burke, Kenneth "Definition of Man"]])
*'''Evidentials''': a form of metadiscourse used to express attitudes toward knowledge (see [[Blythe, Stuart "Coding Digital Texts and Multimedia"]])
*'''Existentialism''': a philosophical theory emphasizing the individual as a free and responsible agent determining his or her own development through acts of the will (see [[Perelman, Chaïm "The New Rhetoric: A Theory of Practical Reasoning"]])
*'''Exegesis''': interpretation of a text often exploring its historical context and seeking to identify its cultural significance (see [[Foucault, Michel "What Is an Author?"]]
*'''Exigence''': A problem that needs to be addressed and resolved by rhetoric. (see [[Bitzer, Lloyd "The Rhetorical Situation"]])

*'''Exordium''': the introduction, especially of a discourse or treatise (see [[Perelman, Chaïm "The New Rhetoric: A Theory of Practical Reasoning"]])

 

*'''Fallacious''': containing or based on a fallacy (see [[“The Cultural Role of Rhetoric” by Richard Weaver]])
*'''Forensic speaking''': use of rhetoric to attack or defend someone in a judicial setting; defined by [[Aristotle]] as one of three forms of rhetoric (see [[Perelman, Chaïm "The New Rhetoric: A Theory of Practical Reasoning"]])

 

*'''Gaze''': to see, accidentally or on purpose, behind the curtain of public disclosure and into the private lives of research subjects. (see [[Sidler, Michelle "Playing Scavenger and Gazer with Scientific Discourse: Opportunities and Ethics for Online Research"]])
* '''Genre''': a continuous and structured activity; anything that a large group of people do similarly (see [[Moeller, Ryan and David Christensen "System Mapping: A Genre Field Analysis of the National Science Foundation's Grant Proposal and Funding Process" ]])
* '''Genre agents''': documents and websites which offer key information involved in the genre process (see [[Moeller, Ryan and David Christensen "System Mapping: A Genre Field Analysis of the National Science Foundation's Grant Proposal and Funding Process" ]] )
* '''Genre field''': everything that goes into making a genre (see [[Moeller, Ryan and David Christensen "System Mapping: A Genre Field Analysis of the National Science Foundation's Grant Proposal and Funding Process"]])

 

*'''Heteroglossia''': the qualities of a language (such as ideology, perspective, etc.) that are extralinguistic but common to all languages (see [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikhail_Bakhtin#The_Dialogic_Imagination:_Chronotope.2C_Heteroglossia The Dialogic Imagination])
*'''Historicity''': the shared historical foundation underlying cultures and texts (see [[Weaver, Richard "The Cultural Role of Rhetoric]])
*'''Homonymy''': the relation between two words that are spelled the same way but differ in meaning (see [[Foucault, Michel "What Is an Author?"]])
*'''Hypertext''': non-sequential, often digital, writing; writing "in which the logical connections between elements are primarily associative rather than syllogistic" (see [[Slatin, John M. "Reading Hypertext: Order and Coherence in a New Medium"]])

== I-L ==

*'''Intentional fallacy''': the concept that an author's words alone, not intent, should be examined because an author's mind can never be truly known (see [[Richards, I.A. "How to Read a Page"]])
*'''Interpretant''': how a person perceives a sign or representation (see [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sign_(semiotics)#Triadic_signs Triadic signs])
*'''Inter-textual variations''': differences in the way texts are structured through alphanumeric cues (headings and numbers), spatial cues (horizontal and vertical distribution of text) and graphic cues (bullets, arrows, lines, etc.) (see [https://pantherfile.uwm.edu/alred/www/pdf/kostelnick-rhetoricoftext.pdf Rhetoric of Text])
*'''Intra-textual variations''': changes in typography and design within a document (see [https://pantherfile.uwm.edu/alred/www/pdf/kostelnick-rhetoricoftext.pdf Rhetoric of Text])
*'''Inventio''': the system or method used for the discovery of arguments in Western rhetoric (see [[Ede, Lisa S. and Andrea A. Lunsford "On Distinctions between Classical and Modern Rhetoric"]])
*'''Isomorphous''': being of identical or similar form, shape, or structure (see [[Bakhtin, Mikhail "Toward a Methodology for the Human Sciences"]])
*'''Instrumental value judgment''': an argument that uses values as a means to alread accepted ends, or as obstacles to their attainment (see [[Perelman, Chaïm "The New Rhetoric: A Theory of Practical Reasoning"]])
*'''Intuitionism''': the theory that primary truths and principles, especially those of ethics and metaphysics, are known through intuition rather than learning (see [[Perelman, Chaïm "The New Rhetoric: A Theory of Practical Reasoning"]])

 

*'''Kairos''': the oportune time and/or place; the right or appropriate time to say or do the right thing (see [http://rhetorclick.com/wiki/Theories_and_Movements#Sophism Sophism], [[Aristotle]], [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isocrates Isocrates], [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kairos Kairos]
*'''Krisis''': point of judgment, moment of decision (see [[Ede, Lisa S. and Andrea A. Lunsford "On Distinctions between Classical and Modern Rhetoric"]])

 

*'''Langue''': the underlying structures of a language, which are time-ignorant and related to synchronic linguistics (see [[Saussure, Ferdinand de "Nature of the Linguistic Sign"]])
*'''Latent content''': content that is subjective or relevant because of its implied, rather than immediately apparent, meaning (see [[Blythe, Stuart "Coding Digital Texts and Multimedia"]])
*'''Lexia''': parts of a text that are separated from the meaning of the work as a whole to show the multiplicity of meaning and references
*'''Logology''': study of language and symbols (see [[Burke, Kenneth "Definition of Man"]])
*'''Logomachies''': a dispute over or about words
*'''Logos''': the logical appeal that attempts to persuade the audience using intellect and reason (Persuasive appeals: [[Ede, Lisa S. and Andrea A. Lunsford "On Distinctions between Classical and Modern Rhetoric"]])
*'''Logical empiricism''': the school of philosophy that combines empiricism (the idea that observational evidence is indispensable for knowledge of the world) with a version of rationalism incorporating mathematical and logico-linguistic constructs (see [[Perelman, Chaïm "The New Rhetoric: A Theory of Practical Reasoning"]])

== M-P ==

*'''Manifest Content''': observable in a text, easy to spot, measured quantitatively (see [[Blythe, Stuart "Coding Digital Texts and Multimedia"]])
*'''Method''': procedures and techniques, such as content, discourse, and genre analysis (see [[Blythe, Stuart "Coding Digital Texts and Multimedia"]])
*'''Methodology''': assumptions and theories; “the underlying theory and analysis of how research does or should proceed” – Kirsch and Sullivan (see [[Blythe, Stuart "Coding Digital Texts and Multimedia"]])
*'''Modal Qualifiers''': terms such as "probably" and "presumably," which indicate an author's level of certainty (see [[Toulmin, Stephen "The Layout of Arguments"]])
*'''Monologism''': interpretation of a text without relation to other influencing texts (see [[Bakhtin, Mikhail "Toward a Methodology for the Human Sciences"]]
*'''Monotonic reasoning''': reasoning in which adding new information does not change the outcome (e.g., "Socrates has brown hair" does not change the outcome of the example syllogism "Socrates is a man; all men are mortal; therefore, Socrates is mortal") (see [[Toulmin, Stephen "The Layout of Arguments"]])

 

*'''Natura naturans''': nature doing what nature does (see [[Bakhtin, Mikhail "Toward a Methodology for the Human Sciences"]])
*'''Natura naurata''': nature already created (see [[Bakhtin, Mikhail "Toward a Methodology for the Human Sciences"]])
*'''New Criticism''': a movement that viewed texts as completely autonomous (see [[Richards, I.A. "How to Read a Page"]])
*'''New Rhetoric''': theory of argumentation (See [[Perelman, Chaïm "The New Rhetoric: A Theory of Practical Reasoning"]])
*'''Node''': any object which is linked to another object (see [[Slatin, John M. "Reading Hypertext: Order and Coherence in a New Medium"]])
*'''Nominalism''': the belief that universals are mere names without any reality (see [[“The Cultural Role of Rhetoric” by Richard Weaver]])
*'''Non-monotonic reasoning''': reasoning in which adding new information changes the outcome (see [[Toulmin, Stephen "The Layout of Arguments"]])
*'''Nonverbal units''': physical communication such as gestures and facial expressions or characteristics of speech such as volume, pitch, and speed (see [[Blythe, Stuart "Coding Digital Texts and Multimedia"]])
*'''Narrative paradigm''': [[Walter Fisher]]'s theory that all forms of communication are a type of storytelling and that all human experience evolves as a type of "narrative"; contrast to the "Rational World Paradigm" (see [[Fisher, Walter "Narration as a Human Communication Paradigm"]])

 

*'''Organon''': an instrument for acquiring knowledge; specifically, a body of principles of scientific or philosophic investigation (see [[Ede, Lisa S. and Andrea A. Lunsford "On Distinctions between Classical and Modern Rhetoric"]])
*'''Orthographic''': a projection of a single view of an object onto a drawing surface in which the lines of projection are perpendicular to the drawing surface (see [[Saussure, Ferdinand de "Nature of the Linguistic Sign"]])

 

*'''Parlance''': a particular way of speaking, especially a way common to those with a particular job or interest (see [[Burke, Kenneth "Definition of Man"]])
*'''Paradeigma''': use of example or anecdotal evidence to prove a point (see [[Ede, Lisa S. and Andrea A. Lunsford "On Distinctions between Classical and Modern Rhetoric"]])
*'''Parole''': the use of language, which is time-conscious and related to diachronic linguistics (see [[Saussure, Ferdinand de "Nature of the Linguistic Sign"]])
*'''Pathos''': the appeal to emotion and shared values; often used in advertising and thought to be manipulative but also extremely effective (Persuasive appeals: [[Ede, Lisa S. and Andrea A. Lunsford "On Distinctions between Classical and Modern Rhetoric"]]
*'''Pejorative''': a word or phrase that has negative connotations or that is intended to disparage or belittle (see [[Ede, Lisa S. and Andrea A. Lunsford "On Distinctions between Classical and Modern Rhetoric"]])
*'''Perennial''': continuing without interruption (see [[Burke, Kenneth "Definition of Man"]])
*'''Phoneme''': a unit of the phonetic system of a language that corresponds to a set of similar speech sounds perceived to be a single distinctive sound in the language (e.g., the velar \k\ of cool and the palatal \k\ of keel) (see [[Saussure, Ferdinand de "Nature of the Linguistic Sign"]])
*'''Pisteis''': proofs, persuasive appeals: (logos, ethos, pathos); artistic (logical, logos, nonlogical, ethos and pathos) and inartistic (tangible evidence) (see [["On Distinctions between Classical and Modern Rhetoric" by Andrea A. Lunsford and Lisa S. Ede]])
* '''Play theory''': the theory that any and all activities have rules, specific outcomes, and some sort of strategy to win (See [[Moeller, Ryan and David Christensen "System Mapping: A Genre Field Analysis of the National Science Foundation's Grant Proposal and Funding Process"]] )
* '''Player agents''': people involved in the process of play theory (See [[Moeller, Ryan and David Christensen "System Mapping: A Genre Field Analysis of the National Science Foundation's Grant Proposal and Funding Process"]] )
*'''Poeis''': fine arts (see [[Ede, Lisa S. and Andrea A. Lunsford "On Distinctions between Classical and Modern Rhetoric"]])
*'''Polyglossia''': the hybrid nature of language (see [[Mikhail Bakhtin]] and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikhail_Bakhtin#The_Dialogic_Imagination:_Chronotope.2C_Heteroglossia The Dialogic Imagination]
*'''Positivist empiricism''': emphasizes role of experience and evidence especially sensory perception (see [[Perelman, Chaïm "The New Rhetoric: A Theory of Practical Reasoning"]])
*'''Priori''': relating to or derived by reasoning from self-evident propositions (see [[Saussure, Ferdinand de "Nature of the Linguistic Sign"]])
*'''Promulgation''': making known by open declaration; proclaiming formally or put into operation (as in a law, decree of a court, etc.) (see [[Burke, Kenneth "Definition of Man"]])
*'''Proofs''': Justification, reasoning, argumentation. (see [[Perelman, Chaïm "The New Rhetoric: A Theory of Practical Reasoning"]])

== Q-T ==

*'''Random sampling''': the process of collecting data by assigning a number to each element in the overall set, then use a random number generator to select units of data from the set (see [[Blythe, Stuart "Coding Digital Texts and Multimedia"]])
*'''Rationalism''': the theory that truth is intellectual, not sensory, and can only be known through deductive reasoning (see [[Perelman, Chaïm "The New Rhetoric: A Theory of Practical Reasoning"]])
*'''Rationalistic idealism''': the theory that a criterion of truth is not sensory but intellectual and deductive (see [[Perelman, Chaïm "The New Rhetoric: A Theory of Practical Reasoning"]])
*'''Rediscovering''': the effects of analogy or isomorphism with current forms of knowledge that allow the perception of forgotten or obscured figures (See [[Foucault, Michel "What Is an Author?"]])
*'''Replicability''': in research, the ability of others to yield the same or similar results as those in a completed study (see [[Rickly, Rebecca "Messy Contexts: Research as a Rhetorical Situation"]])
*'''Representamen''': the object that something, often a sign, represents, creating in the mind an equivalent sign, or perhaps a more developed sign (see [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sign_(semiotics)#Triadic_signs Triadic signs])
*'''Rhetoric''': (see [[Definitions of Rhetoric]])
*'''Rhetorical Situation''': the context of a rhetorical event that consists of an issue, an audience, and a set of constraints. Two leading views of the rhetorical situation exist today. One argues that a situation determines and brings about rhetoric, while the other proposes that rhetoric creates “situations” by making issues salient. (see [[Lloyd Bitzer]], [[Richard Vatz]], [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhetorical_situation Rhetorical Situation Wikipedia])
*'''Rhetorical units''': equivalent texts or portions of texts with the same author, intended audience, and purpose (see [[Blythe, Stuart "Coding Digital Texts and Multimedia"]])

 

*'''Semantic''': of or relating to meaning in language (see [[Bakhtin, Mikhail "Toward a Methodology for the Human Sciences"]])
*'''Semiology''': the study of signs (see [[Saussure, Ferdinand de "Nature of the Linguistic Sign"]])
*'''Signified''': the mental concept of an object being represented by a word or sign (see [[Saussure, Ferdinand de "Nature of the Linguistic Sign"]])
*'''Signifier''': the material (or physical form) of the sign (see [[Saussure, Ferdinand de "Nature of the Linguistic Sign"]])
*'''Spatiotemporal:''' belonging to both space and time or to space-time (see [[“The Cultural Role of Rhetoric” by Richard Weaver]])
*'''Syllogism''': a logical, deductive conclusion drawn from two related premises (see [[Ede, Lisa S. and Andrea A. Lunsford "On Distinctions between Classical and Modern Rhetoric"]])
*'''Supra-textual structuring''': visual cues that create coherence between elements of a document, e.g., headers, indentation, page orientation, white space, placement of extra-textual elements such as data display and pictures, icons, page color, and lines (see [https://pantherfile.uwm.edu/alred/www/pdf/kostelnick-rhetoricoftext.pdf Rhetoric of Text])
*'''Synchronic''': relating to language or other phenomena at a specific period; opposite of diachronic (see [[Saussure, Ferdinand de "Nature of the Linguistic Sign"]])
*'''Suasory:''' intended to persuade (see [[Burke, Kenneth "Definition of Man"]])
*'''Subjectivism''': the theory that that knowledge is subjective and that there is no external or objective truth (see [[Perelman, Chaïm "The New Rhetoric: A Theory of Practical Reasoning"]])

 

*'''T-units''': “consist of a principle clause and any subordinate clauses or non-clausal structures attached to or embedded in it” – Geisler (see [[Blythe, Stuart "Coding Digital Texts and Multimedia"]])
*'''Tautology''': the use of different words to say the same thing twice; a statement that is true because of its logical form (see [[Perelman, Chaïm "The New Rhetoric: A Theory of Practical Reasoning"]])
*'''Techne''': an art or craft, rather than a knack (see [[Ede, Lisa S. and Andrea A. Lunsford "On Distinctions between Classical and Modern Rhetoric"]])
*'''Telos''': an ultimate end (see [[Burke, Kenneth "Definition of Man"]])
*'''Trivium''': an introductory curriculum at medieval universities involving the study of grammar, rhetoric, and logic (see [[Bryant, Donald C. "Rhetoric: Its Functions and Its Scope"]])
*'''Tropism''': growth toward or away from external stimulus (see [[Burke, Kenneth "Definition of Man"]])

== U-Z ==

*'''Validity''': in research, the ability of data to answer the question being studied (see [[Rickly, Rebecca "Messy Contexts: Research as a Rhetorical Situation"]])
*'''Verbal units''': words, phrases, and clauses that help identify how an author orients a reader to other phenomena (see [[Blythe, Stuart "Coding Digital Texts and Multimedia"]])
 
*'''"Vir bonus dicendi peritus"''': "a good man speaking well"; Quintillian's definition of rhetoric as entwined with the author's moral character
*'''Warrant''': in the [[Toulmin Model of Argument]], an often implicit assumption that supports the inference of the claim from the data/evidence (see [[Toulmin, Stephen "The Layout of Arguments"]])

Bitzer, Lloyd "The Rhetorical Situation"

2012-04-17T05:20:03Z

KennyD: /* Abstract */