https://rhetorclick.com/index.php?feed=atom&target=RachelM&title=Special%3AContributions%2FRachelMRhetorClick - User contributions [en]2026-05-16T09:15:16ZFrom RhetorClickMediaWiki 1.16.1https://rhetorclick.com/wiki/Theories_and_MovementsTheories and Movements2011-05-09T21:50:49Z<p>RachelM: </p>
<hr />
<div>== Semiotics ==<br />
<br />
Ferdinand de Saussure, 1857-1913: signified and signifier are core of semiotics<br />
<br />
[[Roland Barthes]], 1915-1980: author and scriptor, neutral and novelistic writing<br />
<br />
[[Mikhail Bakhtin]], 1895-1975: polyphony, unfinalizability, carnival and grotesque, chronotope, heteroglossia ("The Dialogic Imagination"), speech genres<br />
<br />
== Literary Criticism ==<br />
<br />
[[I. A. Richards]], 1893-1979: father of [[New Criticism]]<br />
<br />
== New Rhetorics ==<br />
<br />
[[Kenneth Burke]], 1897-1993: [[Dramatistic Pentad]] (act, scene, agent, agency, purpose), definition of man as symbol-using animal<br />
<br />
[http://4341.quinnwarnick.com/wiki/Chaim_Perelman Chaim Perelman], 1912-1984: [[New Rhetorics]]<br />
<br />
== Post-Structuralism ==<br />
<br />
[[Michel Foucault]], 1926-1984: author-function<br />
<br />
== Pedagogical Studies ==<br />
<br />
[[Lisa S. Ede]], b. 1947<br />
<br />
== Writing and Technology ==<br />
<br />
[[Cynthia L. Selfe]] and [[Richard J. Selfe Jr.]]:<br />
<br />
[[Dennis Baron]], b. 1944:<br />
<br />
[[Andrea A. Lunsford]], b. 1942:<br />
<br />
== Uncategorized ==<br />
<br />
[[Donald C. Bryant]], 1905-1987: [[definitions of rhetoric]]<br />
<br />
[[Richard Weaver]], 1910-1963: man's nature is fourfold (rational, emotional, ethical, religious), "god terms" and "devil terms," [[Noble Rhetoric]]<br />
<br />
[[Stephen Toulmin]], 1922-2009: Toulmin Model of Argument (claim, data, warrant, backing, rebuttal, qualifier)<br />
<br />
[[Robert L. Scott]], b. 1928: "epistemic rhetoric"<br />
<br />
[[Jim W. Corder]], 1929-1998: argument as emergence toward the other<br />
<br />
[[Richard Ohmann]], b. 1931:<br />
<br />
[[S. Michael Halloran]], b. 1939:<br />
<br />
[[John M. Slatin]]:<br />
<br />
[[Kathleen Blake Yancey]]:<br />
<br />
[[Douglas Brent]]:</div>RachelMhttps://rhetorclick.com/wiki/Theories_and_MovementsTheories and Movements2011-05-09T21:50:27Z<p>RachelM: </p>
<hr />
<div>== Semiotics ===<br />
<br />
Ferdinand de Saussure, 1857-1913: signified and signifier are core of semiotics<br />
<br />
[[Roland Barthes]], 1915-1980: author and scriptor, neutral and novelistic writing<br />
<br />
[[Mikhail Bakhtin]], 1895-1975: polyphony, unfinalizability, carnival and grotesque, chronotope, heteroglossia ("The Dialogic Imagination"), speech genres<br />
<br />
== Literary Criticism ==<br />
<br />
[[I. A. Richards]], 1893-1979: father of [[New Criticism]]<br />
<br />
== New Rhetorics ==<br />
<br />
[[Kenneth Burke]], 1897-1993: [[Dramatistic Pentad]] (act, scene, agent, agency, purpose), definition of man as symbol-using animal<br />
<br />
[http://4341.quinnwarnick.com/wiki/Chaim_Perelman Chaim Perelman], 1912-1984: [[New Rhetorics]]<br />
<br />
== Post-Structuralism ==<br />
<br />
[[Michel Foucault]], 1926-1984: author-function<br />
<br />
== Pedagogical Studies ==<br />
<br />
[[Lisa S. Ede]], b. 1947<br />
<br />
== Writing and Technology ==<br />
<br />
[[Cynthia L. Selfe]] and [[Richard J. Selfe Jr.]]:<br />
<br />
[[Dennis Baron]], b. 1944:<br />
<br />
[[Andrea A. Lunsford]], b. 1942:<br />
<br />
== Uncategorized ==<br />
<br />
[[Donald C. Bryant]], 1905-1987: [[definitions of rhetoric]]<br />
<br />
[[Richard Weaver]], 1910-1963: man's nature is fourfold (rational, emotional, ethical, religious), "god terms" and "devil terms," [[Noble Rhetoric]]<br />
<br />
[[Stephen Toulmin]], 1922-2009: Toulmin Model of Argument (claim, data, warrant, backing, rebuttal, qualifier)<br />
<br />
[[Robert L. Scott]], b. 1928: "epistemic rhetoric"<br />
<br />
[[Jim W. Corder]], 1929-1998: argument as emergence toward the other<br />
<br />
[[Richard Ohmann]], b. 1931:<br />
<br />
[[S. Michael Halloran]], b. 1939:<br />
<br />
[[John M. Slatin]]:<br />
<br />
[[Kathleen Blake Yancey]]:<br />
<br />
[[Douglas Brent]]:</div>RachelMhttps://rhetorclick.com/wiki/User:RachelMUser:RachelM2011-05-09T21:50:17Z<p>RachelM: /* Contributions */</p>
<hr />
<div>I'm Rachel- on the Professional track at [[Wikipedia:St._Edwards_University|St. Edward's University]], graduating in December 2011. I work in a bakery, which is perhaps the worst possible employment opportunity for someone who has a crazy sweet tooth. I love my 70 lb. [[Wikipedia:Labrador_Retriever|Labrador Retriever]] Gia, coffee, naps, black and white photographs, and vintage furniture. Tweet me [http://twitter.com/#!/womynking @womynking] or read my sparsely updated food blog, [http://hippieats.wordpress.com Hippie Eats].<br />
<br />
== Contributions ==<br />
<br />
(focus on clean-up, formatting, theories & movements, authors)<br />
<br />
'''Kenneth Burke page:'''<br />
<br />
Added Article Summaries sub-head, with link to Definition of Man article summary<br />
<br />
Added Additional Resources & Reading sub-head, with link to University of Minnesota Kenneth Burke Resources website, link to Kenneth Burke Society<br />
<br />
'''Toulmin's "Layout of Arguments" Article Summary page:'''<br />
<br />
Added Key Terms sub-head, with link to syllogism page under glossary<br />
<br />
Added notable quotes sub-head, with quotes from the class notes page<br />
<br />
'''Lisa Ede page:'''<br />
<br />
Added Article Summaries sub-head with link to "On Distinctions..."<br />
<br />
Added Additional Resources & Reading sub-head, with link to Lunsford & Ede article "Audience Addressed/Audience Invoked: The Role of Audience in Composition"<br />
<br />
'''Ferdinand Saussure page:'''<br />
<br />
Added Article Summaries sub-head, above the already existing link to "Nature of the Linguistic Sign"<br />
<br />
Added Additional Resources & Reading sub-head, with link to "Semiotics for Beginners" web page, "Semiotics of Social Networking" photo from wikimedia commons, and Purdue OWL Structuralism and Semiotics page<br />
<br />
'''I.A. Richards page:'''<br />
<br />
Linked New Criticism to already existing New Criticism page<br />
<br />
'''Glossary page:'''<br />
<br />
Added definitions that I came across while doing my final research paper: heteroglossia, polyglossia.<br />
<br />
Added external link to Bakhtin's collection of essays The Dialogic Imagination because it is relevant to these terms.<br />
<br />
General clean-up on glossary page (formatting bold text, letter headers, etc.)<br />
<br />
'''Theories & Movements page:'''<br />
<br />
Put authors into categories</div>RachelMhttps://rhetorclick.com/wiki/User:RachelMUser:RachelM2011-05-09T21:31:06Z<p>RachelM: /* Contributions */</p>
<hr />
<div>I'm Rachel- on the Professional track at [[Wikipedia:St._Edwards_University|St. Edward's University]], graduating in December 2011. I work in a bakery, which is perhaps the worst possible employment opportunity for someone who has a crazy sweet tooth. I love my 70 lb. [[Wikipedia:Labrador_Retriever|Labrador Retriever]] Gia, coffee, naps, black and white photographs, and vintage furniture. Tweet me [http://twitter.com/#!/womynking @womynking] or read my sparsely updated food blog, [http://hippieats.wordpress.com Hippie Eats].<br />
<br />
== Contributions ==<br />
<br />
(focus on clean-up, formatting, theories & movements, authors)<br />
<br />
'''Kenneth Burke page:'''<br />
<br />
Added Article Summaries sub-head, with link to Definition of Man article summary<br />
<br />
Added Additional Resources & Reading sub-head, with link to University of Minnesota Kenneth Burke Resources website, link to Kenneth Burke Society<br />
<br />
'''Toulmin's "Layout of Arguments" Article Summary page:'''<br />
<br />
Added Key Terms sub-head, with link to syllogism page under glossary<br />
<br />
Added notable quotes sub-head, with quotes from the class notes page<br />
<br />
'''Lisa Ede page:'''<br />
<br />
Added Article Summaries sub-head with link to "On Distinctions..."<br />
<br />
Added Additional Resources & Reading sub-head, with link to Lunsford & Ede article "Audience Addressed/Audience Invoked: The Role of Audience in Composition"<br />
<br />
'''Ferdinand Saussure page:'''<br />
<br />
Added Article Summaries sub-head, above the already existing link to "Nature of the Linguistic Sign"<br />
<br />
Added Additional Resources & Reading sub-head, with link to "Semiotics for Beginners" web page, "Semiotics of Social Networking" photo from wikimedia commons, and Purdue OWL Structuralism and Semiotics page<br />
<br />
'''I.A. Richards page:'''<br />
<br />
Linked New Criticism to already existing New Criticism page<br />
<br />
'''Glossary page:'''<br />
<br />
Added definitions that I came across while doing my final research paper: heteroglossia, polyglossia.<br />
<br />
Added external link to Bakhtin's collection of essays The Dialogic Imagination because it is relevant to these terms.<br />
<br />
General clean-up on glossary page (formatting bold text, letter headers, etc.)</div>RachelMhttps://rhetorclick.com/wiki/User:RachelMUser:RachelM2011-05-09T21:30:26Z<p>RachelM: /* Contributions */</p>
<hr />
<div>I'm Rachel- on the Professional track at [[Wikipedia:St._Edwards_University|St. Edward's University]], graduating in December 2011. I work in a bakery, which is perhaps the worst possible employment opportunity for someone who has a crazy sweet tooth. I love my 70 lb. [[Wikipedia:Labrador_Retriever|Labrador Retriever]] Gia, coffee, naps, black and white photographs, and vintage furniture. Tweet me [http://twitter.com/#!/womynking @womynking] or read my sparsely updated food blog, [http://hippieats.wordpress.com Hippie Eats].<br />
<br />
== Contributions ==<br />
<br />
(focus on clean-up, formatting, theories & movements, authors)<br />
<br />
'''Kenneth Burke page:'''<br />
<br />
Added Article Summaries sub-head, with link to Definition of Man article summary<br />
<br />
Added Additional Resources & Reading sub-head, with link to University of Minnesota Kenneth Burke Resources website, link to Kenneth Burke Society<br />
<br />
'''Toulmin's "Layout of Arguments" Article Summary page:'''<br />
<br />
Added Key Terms sub-head, with link to syllogism page under glossary<br />
<br />
Added notable quotes sub-head, with quotes from the class notes page<br />
<br />
'''Lisa Ede page:'''<br />
<br />
Added Article Summaries sub-head with link to "On Distinctions..."<br />
<br />
Added Additional Resources & Reading sub-head, with link to Lunsford & Ede article "Audience Addressed/Audience Invoked: The Role of Audience in Composition"<br />
<br />
'''Ferdinand Saussure page:'''<br />
<br />
Added Article Summaries sub-head, above the already existing link to "Nature of the Linguistic Sign"<br />
<br />
Added Additional Resources & Reading sub-head, with link to "Semiotics for Beginners" web page, "Semiotics of Social Networking" photo from wikimedia commons, and Purdue OWL Structuralism and Semiotics page<br />
<br />
'''I.A. Richards page:'''<br />
<br />
Linked New Criticism to already existing New Criticism page<br />
<br />
'''Glossary page:'''<br />
<br />
Added definitions that I came across while doing my final research paper: heteroglossia, polyglossia.<br />
<br />
Added external link to Bakhtin's collection of essays The Dialogic Imagination because it is relevant to these terms.</div>RachelMhttps://rhetorclick.com/wiki/GlossaryGlossary2011-05-09T21:30:15Z<p>RachelM: /* H */</p>
<hr />
<div>This page is dedicated to key terms from the readings.<br />
<br />
<br />
== A ==<br />
<br />
*'''Aesthetics''': study of the mind and emotions in relation to the sense of beauty (see [["The New Rhetoric" by Chaim Perelman]])<br />
*'''Affective Fallacy''': Wimsatt and Berdsley claimed that evaluating literature by the way it affects the reader is uselessly subjective. Again, literature should be evaluated through its use of language, not outside factors (see [["How to Read a Page" by I. A. Richards]])<br />
*'''Aleatoric''': according to chance (see [["On Distinctions between Classical and Modern Rhetoric" by Andrea A. Lunsford and Lisa S. Ede]])<br />
*'''Ambiguity''': Richards showed how under-examined ambiguities can lead to misinterpretation of an entire work (see [["How to Read a Page" by I. A. Richards]])<br />
*'''Animism''': according to Aristotle, all objects have souls (see [["On Distinctions between Classical and Modern Rhetoric" by Andrea A. Lunsford and Lisa S. Ede]])<br />
*'''Antistrophos''': counterpart, companion (see [["On Distinctions between Classical and Modern Rhetoric" by Andrea A. Lunsford and Lisa S. Ede]])<br />
*'''Antithetical''': being in direct and unequivocal opposition (see [["Nature of the Linguistic Sign" by Ferdinand de Saussure]])<br />
*'''Antilogies''': contradiction in terms or ideas (see [["The New Rhetoric" by Chaim Perelman]])<br />
*'''Aphorism''': a pithy observation that contains a general truth(see [["What is an Author?" by Michel Foucault]])<br />
*'''Apodictic philosophy''': something demonstrated therefore true (see [["The New Rhetoric" by Chaim Perelman]])<br />
*'''Axiom''': self-evident truths that require no proof (see [["The New Rhetoric" by Chaim Perelman]])<br />
<br />
== B ==<br />
*'''Backing''':<br />
*'''Bricolage''': (in art or literature) construction or creation from a diverse range of available things (see [[April 5 Class Notes]])<br />
<br />
== C ==<br />
<br />
<br />
*'''Canonical''': accepted as being accurate and authoritative (see[["What is an Author?" by Michel Foucault]])<br />
*'''Categorical imperative''': an unconditional moral obligation that is binding in all circumstances and is not dependent on a person's inclination or purpose (see [["The New Rhetoric" by Chaim Perelman]])<br />
*'''Chariot allegory''': Socrates compares the soul to chariot horses and their rider. He believes the soul (chariot rider) is immortal and consists of one good horse and one bad horse. The soul is in constant struggle balancing and choosing between the two horses. Through the good soul only, the chariot can make it to eternity or heaven. (Weaver [[February 15 Class Notes]])<br />
*'''Classical Rhetori'''c: theory of persuasive discourse (Perelman [[February 10 Class Notes]])<br />
*'''Close Reading''': Richards shifted the focus from general analysis to a meticulous, word-level method of interpretation, which has greatly influenced modern criticism. (Richards [[February 1 Class Notes]])<br />
*'''Compendia''': a brief summary of a larger work or of a field of knowledge; a list of number items (see [["On Distinctions between Classical and Modern Rhetoric" by Andrea A. Lunsford and Lisa S. Ede]])<br />
<br />
== D ==<br />
<br />
*'''Datum''':<br />
*'''Death of the Author''': Roland Barthe's essay argues that the author must be disentangled from the text (Richards [[February 1 Class Notes]])<br />
*'''Deictic''': denoting a word or expression whose meaning is dependent on the context in which it is used (see [["What Is an Author?" Michel Foucault]])<br />
*'''Dialectic''': two-sided dialogue, formal argumentation system, conversation (see [["On Distinctions between Classical and Modern Rhetoric" by Andrea A. Lunsford and Lisa S. Ede]])<br />
*'''Doxa''': social knowledge (see [["On Distinctions between Classical and Modern Rhetoric" by Andrea A. Lunsford and Lisa S. Ede]])<br />
*'''Dialectical reasoning''': moving back and forth between contrary lines of reasoning examing both arguments (see [["The New Rhetoric" by Chaim Perelman]])<br />
*'''Diachronic''': of, relating to, or dealing with phenomena (as of language or culture) as they occur or change over a period of time (see [["Nature of the Linguistic Sign" by Ferdinand de Saussure]])<br />
*'''Dispositio''': the system used for the organization of arguments in Western classical rhetoric (see [["On Distinctions between Classical and Modern Rhetoric" by Andrea A. Lunsford and Lisa S. Ede]])<br />
<br />
== E ==<br />
*'''Ecriture''': the French word for ‘writing’. where it appears in this form in English texts, it refers to one or more specific senses used by modern French theorists.. "What Is an Author?"] by [[Michel Foucault]])<br />
*'''Emthymeme''': uses audience's assumptions, only use 1 premise (see [["On Distinctions between Classical and Modern Rhetoric" by Andrea A. Lunsford and Lisa S. Ede]])<br />
*'''Entelechy''': the actualization of form-giving cause as contrasted with potential existence. (Burke [[January 27 Class Notes]])<br />
*'''Episteme''': core, truths of the earth knowledge (see [["On Distinctions between Classical and Modern Rhetoric" by Andrea A. Lunsford and Lisa S. Ede]])<br />
*'''Esperanto''': an artificial international language based as far as possible on words common to the chief European languages (see [["Nature of the Linguistic Sign" by Ferdinand de Saussure]])<br />
*'''Ethos''': The persuasive appeal of one's character, especially how this character is established by means of speech or discourse. Ethotic appeals rely on the trustworthiness of the speaker or writer. Ethos is an effective appeal because when the audience believes that the speaker does not intend to do them harm, they are more likely to trust what is being said. (Persuasive appeals: see [["On Distinctions between Classical and Modern Rhetoric" by Andrea A. Lunsford and Lisa S. Ede]]<br />
*'''Etymologically''' (Burke [[January 27 Class Notes]])<br />
*'''Existentialism''': a philosophical theory or approach that emphasizes the existence of the individual person as a free and responsible agent determining their own development through acts of the will (see [["The New Rhetoric" by Chaim Perelman]])<br />
*''Exegesis'': manifesting behavior that is habitual, maladaptive, and compulsive (see [["What Is an Author?" Michel Foucault]])<br />
*'''Exordium''': the beginning or introductory part, esp. of a discourse or treatise(see [["The New Rhetoric" by Chaim Perelman]])<br />
<br />
== F ==<br />
*'''Forensic speaking''': is a form of speech that either attacks or defends somebody (see [["The New Rhetoric" by Chaim Perelman]])<br />
<br />
== G ==<br />
<br />
<br />
== H ==<br />
<br />
*'''Heteroglossia''': the qualities of a language (such as ideology, perspective, etc.) that are extralinguistic, but common to all languages (see [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikhail_Bakhtin#The_Dialogic_Imagination:_Chronotope.2C_Heteroglossia The Dialogic Imagination])<br />
*'''Homonymy''': the relation between two words that are spelled the same way but differ in meaning or the relation between two words that are pronounced the same way but differ in meaning (see [["What Is an Author?" Michel Foucault]])<br />
*'''Hypertext''': Ted Nelson, who coined the term hypertext, defines it as non-sequential writing. "This means writing in which the logical connections between elements are primarily associative rather than syllogistic, as in conventional text" (Slatin 171). (Slatin [[March 22 Class Notes]])<br />
<br />
== I ==<br />
*'''Imbued''': to permeate or influence as if by dyeing (see [["Nature of the Linguistic Sign" by Ferdinand de Saussure]])<br />
*'''Inventio''': the system or method used for the discovery of arguments in Western rhetoric (see [["On Distinctions between Classical and Modern Rhetoric" by Andrea A. Lunsford and Lisa S. Ede]])<br />
*'''Intentional Fallacy''': William K. Wimsatt and Monroe Beardsley asserted that the author's words, not his intent, should be studied. Richards argued that since an authors mind can never be known, we can only examine her words (Richards [[February 1 Class Notes]])<br />
*'''Interpretant''': how you perceive the representamen (Peirce [[January 25 Class Notes]])<br />
*'''Inter-Textual Variations''': On the inter-textual level, text is structured through alphanumeric cues (headings, numbers), spatial cues (horizontal and vertical distribution of text on a page) and graphic cues (bullets, arrows, lines on tables) (see [https://pantherfile.uwm.edu/alred/www/pdf/kostelnick-rhetoricoftext.pdf Rhetoric of Text]).<br />
*'''Intra-Textual Variations''': local changes in typography, such as boldfacing, upper case, italics, etc (see [https://pantherfile.uwm.edu/alred/www/pdf/kostelnick-rhetoricoftext.pdf Rhetoric of Text]).<br />
*'''Inventio''': the system or method used for the discovery of arguments in Western rhetoric (see [["On Distinctions between Classical and Modern Rhetoric" by Andrea A. Lunsford and Lisa S. Ede]])<br />
*'''Isomorphous''': being of identical or similar form, shape, or structure (see [["Toward a Methodology for the Human Sciences" by Mikhail Bakhtin]])<br />
*'''Instrumental value judgment''': judgments that use values as a means to alread accepted ends, or as obstacles to their attainment (see [["The New Rhetoric" by Chaim Perelman]])<br />
*'''Intuitionism''': theory that primary truths and principles (esp. those of ethics and metaphysics) are known directly by intuition(see [["The New Rhetoric" by Chaim Perelman]])<br />
<br />
== J ==<br />
<br />
<br />
== K ==<br />
<br />
*'''Krisis''': point of judgment, moment of decision (see [["On Distinctions between Classical and Modern Rhetoric" by Andrea A. Lunsford and Lisa S. Ede]])<br />
<br />
== L ==<br />
<br />
*'''Logology''': study of language and symbols (Burke [[January 27 Class Notes]])<br />
*'''Logos''': the appeal to reason. Logical appeals attempt to persuade the audience using intellect. Most academic arguments rely mainly on logos. (Persuasive appeals: [["On Distinctions between Classical and Modern Rhetoric" by Andrea A. Lunsford and Lisa S. Ede]]<br />
*'''Logical empiricism''': school of philosophy that combines empiricism - the idea that observational evidence is indispensable for knowledge of the world - with a version of rationalism incorporating mathematical and logico-linguistic constructs ( See "The New Rhetoric" by Chaim Perelman)<br />
<br />
== M ==<br />
<br />
*'''Modal Qualifiers''':<br />
<br />
== N ==<br />
*'''Natura naturans''': nature doing what nature does (see [["Toward a Methodology for the Human Sciences" by Mikhail Bakhtin]])<br />
*'''Natura naurata''': nature already created (see [["Toward a Methodology for the Human Sciences" by Mikhail Bakhtin]])<br />
*'''New Criticism''': Richards' ideas helped establish this movement, which viewed texts as completely autonomous (Richards [[February 1 Class Notes]])<br />
*'''New Rhetoric''': theory of argumentation (Perelman [[February 10 Class Notes]])<br />
*'''Node''': Any object which is linked to another object (Slatin [[March 22 Class Notes]])<br />
<br />
== O ==<br />
<br />
*'''Object''': the action you take (Peirce [[January 25 Class Notes]])<br />
*'''Organon''': an instrument for acquiring knowledge; specifically: a body of principles of scientific or philosophic investigation (see [["On Distinctions between Classical and Modern Rhetoric" by Andrea A. Lunsford and Lisa S. Ede]])<br />
*'''Orthographic''': projection of a single view of an object (as a view of the front) onto a drawing surface in which the lines of projection are perpendicular to the drawing surface (see [["Nature of the Linguistic Sign" by Ferdinand de Saussure]])<br />
<br />
== P ==<br />
<br />
*'''Paradeigma''': use of example or evidence to prove a point (see [["On Distinctions between Classical and Modern Rhetoric" by Andrea A. Lunsford and Lisa S. Ede]])<br />
*'''Pathos''': the appeal to emotion. When people accept a claim based on how it makes them feels=, they are acting on pathos. A majority of advertisements and arguments in the popular press rely heavily on pathetic appeals. Although the pathetic appeal can be manipulative, it is the cornerstone of moving people to action. (Persuasive appeals: [["On Distinctions between Classical and Modern Rhetoric" by Andrea A. Lunsford and Lisa S. Ede]]<br />
*'''Pejorative''': a word or phrase that has negative connotations or that is intended to disparage or belittle: a pejorative word or phrase (see [["On Distinctions between Classical and Modern Rhetoric" by Andrea A. Lunsford and Lisa S. Ede]])<br />
*'''Phonemes''': any of the abstract units of the phonetic system of a language that correspond to a set of similar speech sounds (as the velar \k\ of cool and the palatal \k\ of keel) which are perceived to be a single distinctive sound in the language (see [["Nature of the Linguistic Sign" by Ferdinand de Saussure]])<br />
*'''Pisteis''': proofs, persuasive appeals (logos, ethos, pathos); artistic (logical, logos, nonlogical, ethos and pathos) and inartistic (tangible evidence) proofs (see [["On Distinctions between Classical and Modern Rhetoric" by Andrea A. Lunsford and Lisa S. Ede]])<br />
*'''Poeis''': fine arts (see [["On Distinctions between Classical and Modern Rhetoric" by Andrea A. Lunsford and Lisa S. Ede]])<br />
*'''Polyglossia''': the hybrid nature of language (see [[Mikhail Bakhtin]] and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikhail_Bakhtin#The_Dialogic_Imagination:_Chronotope.2C_Heteroglossia The Dialogic Imagination]<br />
*'''Positivist empiricism''': emphasizes role of experience and evidence especially sensory perception (see [["The New Rhetoric" by Chaim Perelman]])<br />
*'''Priori''': relating to or derived by reasoning from self-evident propositions (see [["Nature of the Linguistic Sign" by Ferdinand de Saussure]])<br />
*'''Proofs''': Justification, reasoning, argumentation. (Perelman [[February 10 Class Notes]])<br />
<br />
== Q ==<br />
<br />
<br />
== R ==<br />
<br />
*'''Rationalism''': truth is not sensory, but intellectual and deductive. You only know thought through deductive reasoning. (Perelman [[February 10 Class Notes]])<br />
*'''Rationalistic idealism''': criterion of truth is not sensory but intelluctual and deductive (see [["The New Rhetoric" by Chaim Perelman]])<br />
*'''Rediscovers''': the effects of analogy or isomorphism with current forms of knowledge that allow the perception of forgotten or obscured figures (see[["What is an Author?" by Michel Foucault]])<br />
*'''Representame'''n: what something represents to you personally (creates in the mind of that person an equivalent sign, or perhaps a more developed sign) (Peirce [[January 25 Class Notes]])<br />
* Rhetoric: (see [[Definitions of Rhetoric]])<br />
<br />
== S ==<br />
*'''Semantic''': of or relating to meaning in language (see [["Toward a Methodology for the Human Sciences" by Mikhail Bakhtin]])<br />
*'''Semiology''': the study of signs (see [["Nature of the Linguistic Sign" by Ferdinand de Saussure]])<br />
*'''Signified''': concept in the mind (not a thing but the notion of a thing) (see [["Nature of the Linguistic Sign" by Ferdinand de Saussure]])<br />
*'''Signifier''': the material (or physical form) of the sign (see [["Nature of the Linguistic Sign" by Ferdinand de Saussure]])<br />
*'''Syllogism''': logical/deductive, conclusion resting on 2 premises (major, minor, conclusion) (see [["On Distinctions between Classical and Modern Rhetoric" by Andrea A. Lunsford and Lisa S. Ede]])<br />
*'''Supra-Textual Structuring''': affects the document globally, with section titles, page headers, tabs, page size, orientation, the placement of extra-textual elements (e.g. data display and pictures), icons, page color, and various line, textures, and marks. Supra-textual cues create visual coherence among units in a document (see [https://pantherfile.uwm.edu/alred/www/pdf/kostelnick-rhetoricoftext.pdf Rhetoric of Text])<br />
*'''Synchronic''': concerned with events existing in a limited time period and ignoring historical antecedents (see [["Nature of the Linguistic Sign" by Ferdinand de Saussure]])<br />
*'''Subjectivism''': doctrine that knowledge is merely subjective and that there is no external or objective truth (see [["The New Rhetoric" by Chaim Perelman]])<br />
<br />
== T ==<br />
<br />
*'''Tautologies''': a phrase or expression in which the same thing is said twice in different words; a statement that is true by necessity or by virtue of its logical form(see [["The New Rhetoric" by Chaim Perelman]])<br />
*'''Techne''': art, craft (see [["On Distinctions between Classical and Modern Rhetoric" by Andrea A. Lunsford and Lisa S. Ede]])<br />
*'''Telos''': an ultimate end. (Burke [[January 27 Class Notes]])<br />
*'''Tropism''': growth toward or away from external stimulus (Burke [[January 27 Class Notes]])<br />
<br />
== U ==<br />
<br />
<br />
== V ==<br />
<br />
<br />
== W ==<br />
*Warrant:<br />
<br />
== X ==<br />
<br />
<br />
== Y ==<br />
<br />
<br />
== Z ==</div>RachelMhttps://rhetorclick.com/wiki/GlossaryGlossary2011-05-09T21:29:30Z<p>RachelM: /* H */</p>
<hr />
<div>This page is dedicated to key terms from the readings.<br />
<br />
<br />
== A ==<br />
<br />
*'''Aesthetics''': study of the mind and emotions in relation to the sense of beauty (see [["The New Rhetoric" by Chaim Perelman]])<br />
*'''Affective Fallacy''': Wimsatt and Berdsley claimed that evaluating literature by the way it affects the reader is uselessly subjective. Again, literature should be evaluated through its use of language, not outside factors (see [["How to Read a Page" by I. A. Richards]])<br />
*'''Aleatoric''': according to chance (see [["On Distinctions between Classical and Modern Rhetoric" by Andrea A. Lunsford and Lisa S. Ede]])<br />
*'''Ambiguity''': Richards showed how under-examined ambiguities can lead to misinterpretation of an entire work (see [["How to Read a Page" by I. A. Richards]])<br />
*'''Animism''': according to Aristotle, all objects have souls (see [["On Distinctions between Classical and Modern Rhetoric" by Andrea A. Lunsford and Lisa S. Ede]])<br />
*'''Antistrophos''': counterpart, companion (see [["On Distinctions between Classical and Modern Rhetoric" by Andrea A. Lunsford and Lisa S. Ede]])<br />
*'''Antithetical''': being in direct and unequivocal opposition (see [["Nature of the Linguistic Sign" by Ferdinand de Saussure]])<br />
*'''Antilogies''': contradiction in terms or ideas (see [["The New Rhetoric" by Chaim Perelman]])<br />
*'''Aphorism''': a pithy observation that contains a general truth(see [["What is an Author?" by Michel Foucault]])<br />
*'''Apodictic philosophy''': something demonstrated therefore true (see [["The New Rhetoric" by Chaim Perelman]])<br />
*'''Axiom''': self-evident truths that require no proof (see [["The New Rhetoric" by Chaim Perelman]])<br />
<br />
== B ==<br />
*'''Backing''':<br />
*'''Bricolage''': (in art or literature) construction or creation from a diverse range of available things (see [[April 5 Class Notes]])<br />
<br />
== C ==<br />
<br />
<br />
*'''Canonical''': accepted as being accurate and authoritative (see[["What is an Author?" by Michel Foucault]])<br />
*'''Categorical imperative''': an unconditional moral obligation that is binding in all circumstances and is not dependent on a person's inclination or purpose (see [["The New Rhetoric" by Chaim Perelman]])<br />
*'''Chariot allegory''': Socrates compares the soul to chariot horses and their rider. He believes the soul (chariot rider) is immortal and consists of one good horse and one bad horse. The soul is in constant struggle balancing and choosing between the two horses. Through the good soul only, the chariot can make it to eternity or heaven. (Weaver [[February 15 Class Notes]])<br />
*'''Classical Rhetori'''c: theory of persuasive discourse (Perelman [[February 10 Class Notes]])<br />
*'''Close Reading''': Richards shifted the focus from general analysis to a meticulous, word-level method of interpretation, which has greatly influenced modern criticism. (Richards [[February 1 Class Notes]])<br />
*'''Compendia''': a brief summary of a larger work or of a field of knowledge; a list of number items (see [["On Distinctions between Classical and Modern Rhetoric" by Andrea A. Lunsford and Lisa S. Ede]])<br />
<br />
== D ==<br />
<br />
*'''Datum''':<br />
*'''Death of the Author''': Roland Barthe's essay argues that the author must be disentangled from the text (Richards [[February 1 Class Notes]])<br />
*'''Deictic''': denoting a word or expression whose meaning is dependent on the context in which it is used (see [["What Is an Author?" Michel Foucault]])<br />
*'''Dialectic''': two-sided dialogue, formal argumentation system, conversation (see [["On Distinctions between Classical and Modern Rhetoric" by Andrea A. Lunsford and Lisa S. Ede]])<br />
*'''Doxa''': social knowledge (see [["On Distinctions between Classical and Modern Rhetoric" by Andrea A. Lunsford and Lisa S. Ede]])<br />
*'''Dialectical reasoning''': moving back and forth between contrary lines of reasoning examing both arguments (see [["The New Rhetoric" by Chaim Perelman]])<br />
*'''Diachronic''': of, relating to, or dealing with phenomena (as of language or culture) as they occur or change over a period of time (see [["Nature of the Linguistic Sign" by Ferdinand de Saussure]])<br />
*'''Dispositio''': the system used for the organization of arguments in Western classical rhetoric (see [["On Distinctions between Classical and Modern Rhetoric" by Andrea A. Lunsford and Lisa S. Ede]])<br />
<br />
== E ==<br />
*'''Ecriture''': the French word for ‘writing’. where it appears in this form in English texts, it refers to one or more specific senses used by modern French theorists.. "What Is an Author?"] by [[Michel Foucault]])<br />
*'''Emthymeme''': uses audience's assumptions, only use 1 premise (see [["On Distinctions between Classical and Modern Rhetoric" by Andrea A. Lunsford and Lisa S. Ede]])<br />
*'''Entelechy''': the actualization of form-giving cause as contrasted with potential existence. (Burke [[January 27 Class Notes]])<br />
*'''Episteme''': core, truths of the earth knowledge (see [["On Distinctions between Classical and Modern Rhetoric" by Andrea A. Lunsford and Lisa S. Ede]])<br />
*'''Esperanto''': an artificial international language based as far as possible on words common to the chief European languages (see [["Nature of the Linguistic Sign" by Ferdinand de Saussure]])<br />
*'''Ethos''': The persuasive appeal of one's character, especially how this character is established by means of speech or discourse. Ethotic appeals rely on the trustworthiness of the speaker or writer. Ethos is an effective appeal because when the audience believes that the speaker does not intend to do them harm, they are more likely to trust what is being said. (Persuasive appeals: see [["On Distinctions between Classical and Modern Rhetoric" by Andrea A. Lunsford and Lisa S. Ede]]<br />
*'''Etymologically''' (Burke [[January 27 Class Notes]])<br />
*'''Existentialism''': a philosophical theory or approach that emphasizes the existence of the individual person as a free and responsible agent determining their own development through acts of the will (see [["The New Rhetoric" by Chaim Perelman]])<br />
*''Exegesis'': manifesting behavior that is habitual, maladaptive, and compulsive (see [["What Is an Author?" Michel Foucault]])<br />
*'''Exordium''': the beginning or introductory part, esp. of a discourse or treatise(see [["The New Rhetoric" by Chaim Perelman]])<br />
<br />
== F ==<br />
*'''Forensic speaking''': is a form of speech that either attacks or defends somebody (see [["The New Rhetoric" by Chaim Perelman]])<br />
<br />
== G ==<br />
<br />
<br />
== H ==<br />
<br />
*'''Heteroglossia''': the qualities of a language that are extralinguistic, but common to all languages (see [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikhail_Bakhtin#The_Dialogic_Imagination:_Chronotope.2C_Heteroglossia The Dialogic Imagination])<br />
*'''Homonymy''': the relation between two words that are spelled the same way but differ in meaning or the relation between two words that are pronounced the same way but differ in meaning (see [["What Is an Author?" Michel Foucault]])<br />
*'''Hypertext''': Ted Nelson, who coined the term hypertext, defines it as non-sequential writing. "This means writing in which the logical connections between elements are primarily associative rather than syllogistic, as in conventional text" (Slatin 171). (Slatin [[March 22 Class Notes]])<br />
<br />
== I ==<br />
*'''Imbued''': to permeate or influence as if by dyeing (see [["Nature of the Linguistic Sign" by Ferdinand de Saussure]])<br />
*'''Inventio''': the system or method used for the discovery of arguments in Western rhetoric (see [["On Distinctions between Classical and Modern Rhetoric" by Andrea A. Lunsford and Lisa S. Ede]])<br />
*'''Intentional Fallacy''': William K. Wimsatt and Monroe Beardsley asserted that the author's words, not his intent, should be studied. Richards argued that since an authors mind can never be known, we can only examine her words (Richards [[February 1 Class Notes]])<br />
*'''Interpretant''': how you perceive the representamen (Peirce [[January 25 Class Notes]])<br />
*'''Inter-Textual Variations''': On the inter-textual level, text is structured through alphanumeric cues (headings, numbers), spatial cues (horizontal and vertical distribution of text on a page) and graphic cues (bullets, arrows, lines on tables) (see [https://pantherfile.uwm.edu/alred/www/pdf/kostelnick-rhetoricoftext.pdf Rhetoric of Text]).<br />
*'''Intra-Textual Variations''': local changes in typography, such as boldfacing, upper case, italics, etc (see [https://pantherfile.uwm.edu/alred/www/pdf/kostelnick-rhetoricoftext.pdf Rhetoric of Text]).<br />
*'''Inventio''': the system or method used for the discovery of arguments in Western rhetoric (see [["On Distinctions between Classical and Modern Rhetoric" by Andrea A. Lunsford and Lisa S. Ede]])<br />
*'''Isomorphous''': being of identical or similar form, shape, or structure (see [["Toward a Methodology for the Human Sciences" by Mikhail Bakhtin]])<br />
*'''Instrumental value judgment''': judgments that use values as a means to alread accepted ends, or as obstacles to their attainment (see [["The New Rhetoric" by Chaim Perelman]])<br />
*'''Intuitionism''': theory that primary truths and principles (esp. those of ethics and metaphysics) are known directly by intuition(see [["The New Rhetoric" by Chaim Perelman]])<br />
<br />
== J ==<br />
<br />
<br />
== K ==<br />
<br />
*'''Krisis''': point of judgment, moment of decision (see [["On Distinctions between Classical and Modern Rhetoric" by Andrea A. Lunsford and Lisa S. Ede]])<br />
<br />
== L ==<br />
<br />
*'''Logology''': study of language and symbols (Burke [[January 27 Class Notes]])<br />
*'''Logos''': the appeal to reason. Logical appeals attempt to persuade the audience using intellect. Most academic arguments rely mainly on logos. (Persuasive appeals: [["On Distinctions between Classical and Modern Rhetoric" by Andrea A. Lunsford and Lisa S. Ede]]<br />
*'''Logical empiricism''': school of philosophy that combines empiricism - the idea that observational evidence is indispensable for knowledge of the world - with a version of rationalism incorporating mathematical and logico-linguistic constructs ( See "The New Rhetoric" by Chaim Perelman)<br />
<br />
== M ==<br />
<br />
*'''Modal Qualifiers''':<br />
<br />
== N ==<br />
*'''Natura naturans''': nature doing what nature does (see [["Toward a Methodology for the Human Sciences" by Mikhail Bakhtin]])<br />
*'''Natura naurata''': nature already created (see [["Toward a Methodology for the Human Sciences" by Mikhail Bakhtin]])<br />
*'''New Criticism''': Richards' ideas helped establish this movement, which viewed texts as completely autonomous (Richards [[February 1 Class Notes]])<br />
*'''New Rhetoric''': theory of argumentation (Perelman [[February 10 Class Notes]])<br />
*'''Node''': Any object which is linked to another object (Slatin [[March 22 Class Notes]])<br />
<br />
== O ==<br />
<br />
*'''Object''': the action you take (Peirce [[January 25 Class Notes]])<br />
*'''Organon''': an instrument for acquiring knowledge; specifically: a body of principles of scientific or philosophic investigation (see [["On Distinctions between Classical and Modern Rhetoric" by Andrea A. Lunsford and Lisa S. Ede]])<br />
*'''Orthographic''': projection of a single view of an object (as a view of the front) onto a drawing surface in which the lines of projection are perpendicular to the drawing surface (see [["Nature of the Linguistic Sign" by Ferdinand de Saussure]])<br />
<br />
== P ==<br />
<br />
*'''Paradeigma''': use of example or evidence to prove a point (see [["On Distinctions between Classical and Modern Rhetoric" by Andrea A. Lunsford and Lisa S. Ede]])<br />
*'''Pathos''': the appeal to emotion. When people accept a claim based on how it makes them feels=, they are acting on pathos. A majority of advertisements and arguments in the popular press rely heavily on pathetic appeals. Although the pathetic appeal can be manipulative, it is the cornerstone of moving people to action. (Persuasive appeals: [["On Distinctions between Classical and Modern Rhetoric" by Andrea A. Lunsford and Lisa S. Ede]]<br />
*'''Pejorative''': a word or phrase that has negative connotations or that is intended to disparage or belittle: a pejorative word or phrase (see [["On Distinctions between Classical and Modern Rhetoric" by Andrea A. Lunsford and Lisa S. Ede]])<br />
*'''Phonemes''': any of the abstract units of the phonetic system of a language that correspond to a set of similar speech sounds (as the velar \k\ of cool and the palatal \k\ of keel) which are perceived to be a single distinctive sound in the language (see [["Nature of the Linguistic Sign" by Ferdinand de Saussure]])<br />
*'''Pisteis''': proofs, persuasive appeals (logos, ethos, pathos); artistic (logical, logos, nonlogical, ethos and pathos) and inartistic (tangible evidence) proofs (see [["On Distinctions between Classical and Modern Rhetoric" by Andrea A. Lunsford and Lisa S. Ede]])<br />
*'''Poeis''': fine arts (see [["On Distinctions between Classical and Modern Rhetoric" by Andrea A. Lunsford and Lisa S. Ede]])<br />
*'''Polyglossia''': the hybrid nature of language (see [[Mikhail Bakhtin]] and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikhail_Bakhtin#The_Dialogic_Imagination:_Chronotope.2C_Heteroglossia The Dialogic Imagination]<br />
*'''Positivist empiricism''': emphasizes role of experience and evidence especially sensory perception (see [["The New Rhetoric" by Chaim Perelman]])<br />
*'''Priori''': relating to or derived by reasoning from self-evident propositions (see [["Nature of the Linguistic Sign" by Ferdinand de Saussure]])<br />
*'''Proofs''': Justification, reasoning, argumentation. (Perelman [[February 10 Class Notes]])<br />
<br />
== Q ==<br />
<br />
<br />
== R ==<br />
<br />
*'''Rationalism''': truth is not sensory, but intellectual and deductive. You only know thought through deductive reasoning. (Perelman [[February 10 Class Notes]])<br />
*'''Rationalistic idealism''': criterion of truth is not sensory but intelluctual and deductive (see [["The New Rhetoric" by Chaim Perelman]])<br />
*'''Rediscovers''': the effects of analogy or isomorphism with current forms of knowledge that allow the perception of forgotten or obscured figures (see[["What is an Author?" by Michel Foucault]])<br />
*'''Representame'''n: what something represents to you personally (creates in the mind of that person an equivalent sign, or perhaps a more developed sign) (Peirce [[January 25 Class Notes]])<br />
* Rhetoric: (see [[Definitions of Rhetoric]])<br />
<br />
== S ==<br />
*'''Semantic''': of or relating to meaning in language (see [["Toward a Methodology for the Human Sciences" by Mikhail Bakhtin]])<br />
*'''Semiology''': the study of signs (see [["Nature of the Linguistic Sign" by Ferdinand de Saussure]])<br />
*'''Signified''': concept in the mind (not a thing but the notion of a thing) (see [["Nature of the Linguistic Sign" by Ferdinand de Saussure]])<br />
*'''Signifier''': the material (or physical form) of the sign (see [["Nature of the Linguistic Sign" by Ferdinand de Saussure]])<br />
*'''Syllogism''': logical/deductive, conclusion resting on 2 premises (major, minor, conclusion) (see [["On Distinctions between Classical and Modern Rhetoric" by Andrea A. Lunsford and Lisa S. Ede]])<br />
*'''Supra-Textual Structuring''': affects the document globally, with section titles, page headers, tabs, page size, orientation, the placement of extra-textual elements (e.g. data display and pictures), icons, page color, and various line, textures, and marks. Supra-textual cues create visual coherence among units in a document (see [https://pantherfile.uwm.edu/alred/www/pdf/kostelnick-rhetoricoftext.pdf Rhetoric of Text])<br />
*'''Synchronic''': concerned with events existing in a limited time period and ignoring historical antecedents (see [["Nature of the Linguistic Sign" by Ferdinand de Saussure]])<br />
*'''Subjectivism''': doctrine that knowledge is merely subjective and that there is no external or objective truth (see [["The New Rhetoric" by Chaim Perelman]])<br />
<br />
== T ==<br />
<br />
*'''Tautologies''': a phrase or expression in which the same thing is said twice in different words; a statement that is true by necessity or by virtue of its logical form(see [["The New Rhetoric" by Chaim Perelman]])<br />
*'''Techne''': art, craft (see [["On Distinctions between Classical and Modern Rhetoric" by Andrea A. Lunsford and Lisa S. Ede]])<br />
*'''Telos''': an ultimate end. (Burke [[January 27 Class Notes]])<br />
*'''Tropism''': growth toward or away from external stimulus (Burke [[January 27 Class Notes]])<br />
<br />
== U ==<br />
<br />
<br />
== V ==<br />
<br />
<br />
== W ==<br />
*Warrant:<br />
<br />
== X ==<br />
<br />
<br />
== Y ==<br />
<br />
<br />
== Z ==</div>RachelMhttps://rhetorclick.com/wiki/GlossaryGlossary2011-05-09T21:21:53Z<p>RachelM: /* P */</p>
<hr />
<div>This page is dedicated to key terms from the readings.<br />
<br />
<br />
== A ==<br />
<br />
*'''Aesthetics''': study of the mind and emotions in relation to the sense of beauty (see [["The New Rhetoric" by Chaim Perelman]])<br />
*'''Affective Fallacy''': Wimsatt and Berdsley claimed that evaluating literature by the way it affects the reader is uselessly subjective. Again, literature should be evaluated through its use of language, not outside factors (see [["How to Read a Page" by I. A. Richards]])<br />
*'''Aleatoric''': according to chance (see [["On Distinctions between Classical and Modern Rhetoric" by Andrea A. Lunsford and Lisa S. Ede]])<br />
*'''Ambiguity''': Richards showed how under-examined ambiguities can lead to misinterpretation of an entire work (see [["How to Read a Page" by I. A. Richards]])<br />
*'''Animism''': according to Aristotle, all objects have souls (see [["On Distinctions between Classical and Modern Rhetoric" by Andrea A. Lunsford and Lisa S. Ede]])<br />
*'''Antistrophos''': counterpart, companion (see [["On Distinctions between Classical and Modern Rhetoric" by Andrea A. Lunsford and Lisa S. Ede]])<br />
*'''Antithetical''': being in direct and unequivocal opposition (see [["Nature of the Linguistic Sign" by Ferdinand de Saussure]])<br />
*'''Antilogies''': contradiction in terms or ideas (see [["The New Rhetoric" by Chaim Perelman]])<br />
*'''Aphorism''': a pithy observation that contains a general truth(see [["What is an Author?" by Michel Foucault]])<br />
*'''Apodictic philosophy''': something demonstrated therefore true (see [["The New Rhetoric" by Chaim Perelman]])<br />
*'''Axiom''': self-evident truths that require no proof (see [["The New Rhetoric" by Chaim Perelman]])<br />
<br />
== B ==<br />
*'''Backing''':<br />
*'''Bricolage''': (in art or literature) construction or creation from a diverse range of available things (see [[April 5 Class Notes]])<br />
<br />
== C ==<br />
<br />
<br />
*'''Canonical''': accepted as being accurate and authoritative (see[["What is an Author?" by Michel Foucault]])<br />
*'''Categorical imperative''': an unconditional moral obligation that is binding in all circumstances and is not dependent on a person's inclination or purpose (see [["The New Rhetoric" by Chaim Perelman]])<br />
*'''Chariot allegory''': Socrates compares the soul to chariot horses and their rider. He believes the soul (chariot rider) is immortal and consists of one good horse and one bad horse. The soul is in constant struggle balancing and choosing between the two horses. Through the good soul only, the chariot can make it to eternity or heaven. (Weaver [[February 15 Class Notes]])<br />
*'''Classical Rhetori'''c: theory of persuasive discourse (Perelman [[February 10 Class Notes]])<br />
*'''Close Reading''': Richards shifted the focus from general analysis to a meticulous, word-level method of interpretation, which has greatly influenced modern criticism. (Richards [[February 1 Class Notes]])<br />
*'''Compendia''': a brief summary of a larger work or of a field of knowledge; a list of number items (see [["On Distinctions between Classical and Modern Rhetoric" by Andrea A. Lunsford and Lisa S. Ede]])<br />
<br />
== D ==<br />
<br />
*'''Datum''':<br />
*'''Death of the Author''': Roland Barthe's essay argues that the author must be disentangled from the text (Richards [[February 1 Class Notes]])<br />
*'''Deictic''': denoting a word or expression whose meaning is dependent on the context in which it is used (see [["What Is an Author?" Michel Foucault]])<br />
*'''Dialectic''': two-sided dialogue, formal argumentation system, conversation (see [["On Distinctions between Classical and Modern Rhetoric" by Andrea A. Lunsford and Lisa S. Ede]])<br />
*'''Doxa''': social knowledge (see [["On Distinctions between Classical and Modern Rhetoric" by Andrea A. Lunsford and Lisa S. Ede]])<br />
*'''Dialectical reasoning''': moving back and forth between contrary lines of reasoning examing both arguments (see [["The New Rhetoric" by Chaim Perelman]])<br />
*'''Diachronic''': of, relating to, or dealing with phenomena (as of language or culture) as they occur or change over a period of time (see [["Nature of the Linguistic Sign" by Ferdinand de Saussure]])<br />
*'''Dispositio''': the system used for the organization of arguments in Western classical rhetoric (see [["On Distinctions between Classical and Modern Rhetoric" by Andrea A. Lunsford and Lisa S. Ede]])<br />
<br />
== E ==<br />
*'''Ecriture''': the French word for ‘writing’. where it appears in this form in English texts, it refers to one or more specific senses used by modern French theorists.. "What Is an Author?"] by [[Michel Foucault]])<br />
*'''Emthymeme''': uses audience's assumptions, only use 1 premise (see [["On Distinctions between Classical and Modern Rhetoric" by Andrea A. Lunsford and Lisa S. Ede]])<br />
*'''Entelechy''': the actualization of form-giving cause as contrasted with potential existence. (Burke [[January 27 Class Notes]])<br />
*'''Episteme''': core, truths of the earth knowledge (see [["On Distinctions between Classical and Modern Rhetoric" by Andrea A. Lunsford and Lisa S. Ede]])<br />
*'''Esperanto''': an artificial international language based as far as possible on words common to the chief European languages (see [["Nature of the Linguistic Sign" by Ferdinand de Saussure]])<br />
*'''Ethos''': The persuasive appeal of one's character, especially how this character is established by means of speech or discourse. Ethotic appeals rely on the trustworthiness of the speaker or writer. Ethos is an effective appeal because when the audience believes that the speaker does not intend to do them harm, they are more likely to trust what is being said. (Persuasive appeals: see [["On Distinctions between Classical and Modern Rhetoric" by Andrea A. Lunsford and Lisa S. Ede]]<br />
*'''Etymologically''' (Burke [[January 27 Class Notes]])<br />
*'''Existentialism''': a philosophical theory or approach that emphasizes the existence of the individual person as a free and responsible agent determining their own development through acts of the will (see [["The New Rhetoric" by Chaim Perelman]])<br />
*''Exegesis'': manifesting behavior that is habitual, maladaptive, and compulsive (see [["What Is an Author?" Michel Foucault]])<br />
*'''Exordium''': the beginning or introductory part, esp. of a discourse or treatise(see [["The New Rhetoric" by Chaim Perelman]])<br />
<br />
== F ==<br />
*'''Forensic speaking''': is a form of speech that either attacks or defends somebody (see [["The New Rhetoric" by Chaim Perelman]])<br />
<br />
== G ==<br />
<br />
<br />
== H ==<br />
<br />
*''Homonymy'': the relation between two words that are spelled the same way but differ in meaning or the relation between two words that are pronounced the same way but differ in meaning (see [["What Is an Author?" Michel Foucault]])<br />
*'''Hypertext''': Ted Nelson, who coined the term hypertext, defines it as non-sequential writing. "This means writing in which the logical connections between elements are primarily associative rather than syllogistic, as in conventional text" (Slatin 171). (Slatin [[March 22 Class Notes]])<br />
<br />
== I ==<br />
*'''Imbued''': to permeate or influence as if by dyeing (see [["Nature of the Linguistic Sign" by Ferdinand de Saussure]])<br />
*'''Inventio''': the system or method used for the discovery of arguments in Western rhetoric (see [["On Distinctions between Classical and Modern Rhetoric" by Andrea A. Lunsford and Lisa S. Ede]])<br />
*'''Intentional Fallacy''': William K. Wimsatt and Monroe Beardsley asserted that the author's words, not his intent, should be studied. Richards argued that since an authors mind can never be known, we can only examine her words (Richards [[February 1 Class Notes]])<br />
*'''Interpretant''': how you perceive the representamen (Peirce [[January 25 Class Notes]])<br />
*'''Inter-Textual Variations''': On the inter-textual level, text is structured through alphanumeric cues (headings, numbers), spatial cues (horizontal and vertical distribution of text on a page) and graphic cues (bullets, arrows, lines on tables) (see [https://pantherfile.uwm.edu/alred/www/pdf/kostelnick-rhetoricoftext.pdf Rhetoric of Text]).<br />
*'''Intra-Textual Variations''': local changes in typography, such as boldfacing, upper case, italics, etc (see [https://pantherfile.uwm.edu/alred/www/pdf/kostelnick-rhetoricoftext.pdf Rhetoric of Text]).<br />
*'''Inventio''': the system or method used for the discovery of arguments in Western rhetoric (see [["On Distinctions between Classical and Modern Rhetoric" by Andrea A. Lunsford and Lisa S. Ede]])<br />
*'''Isomorphous''': being of identical or similar form, shape, or structure (see [["Toward a Methodology for the Human Sciences" by Mikhail Bakhtin]])<br />
*'''Instrumental value judgment''': judgments that use values as a means to alread accepted ends, or as obstacles to their attainment (see [["The New Rhetoric" by Chaim Perelman]])<br />
*'''Intuitionism''': theory that primary truths and principles (esp. those of ethics and metaphysics) are known directly by intuition(see [["The New Rhetoric" by Chaim Perelman]])<br />
<br />
== J ==<br />
<br />
<br />
== K ==<br />
<br />
*'''Krisis''': point of judgment, moment of decision (see [["On Distinctions between Classical and Modern Rhetoric" by Andrea A. Lunsford and Lisa S. Ede]])<br />
<br />
== L ==<br />
<br />
*'''Logology''': study of language and symbols (Burke [[January 27 Class Notes]])<br />
*'''Logos''': the appeal to reason. Logical appeals attempt to persuade the audience using intellect. Most academic arguments rely mainly on logos. (Persuasive appeals: [["On Distinctions between Classical and Modern Rhetoric" by Andrea A. Lunsford and Lisa S. Ede]]<br />
*'''Logical empiricism''': school of philosophy that combines empiricism - the idea that observational evidence is indispensable for knowledge of the world - with a version of rationalism incorporating mathematical and logico-linguistic constructs ( See "The New Rhetoric" by Chaim Perelman)<br />
<br />
== M ==<br />
<br />
*'''Modal Qualifiers''':<br />
<br />
== N ==<br />
*'''Natura naturans''': nature doing what nature does (see [["Toward a Methodology for the Human Sciences" by Mikhail Bakhtin]])<br />
*'''Natura naurata''': nature already created (see [["Toward a Methodology for the Human Sciences" by Mikhail Bakhtin]])<br />
*'''New Criticism''': Richards' ideas helped establish this movement, which viewed texts as completely autonomous (Richards [[February 1 Class Notes]])<br />
*'''New Rhetoric''': theory of argumentation (Perelman [[February 10 Class Notes]])<br />
*'''Node''': Any object which is linked to another object (Slatin [[March 22 Class Notes]])<br />
<br />
== O ==<br />
<br />
*'''Object''': the action you take (Peirce [[January 25 Class Notes]])<br />
*'''Organon''': an instrument for acquiring knowledge; specifically: a body of principles of scientific or philosophic investigation (see [["On Distinctions between Classical and Modern Rhetoric" by Andrea A. Lunsford and Lisa S. Ede]])<br />
*'''Orthographic''': projection of a single view of an object (as a view of the front) onto a drawing surface in which the lines of projection are perpendicular to the drawing surface (see [["Nature of the Linguistic Sign" by Ferdinand de Saussure]])<br />
<br />
== P ==<br />
<br />
*'''Paradeigma''': use of example or evidence to prove a point (see [["On Distinctions between Classical and Modern Rhetoric" by Andrea A. Lunsford and Lisa S. Ede]])<br />
*'''Pathos''': the appeal to emotion. When people accept a claim based on how it makes them feels=, they are acting on pathos. A majority of advertisements and arguments in the popular press rely heavily on pathetic appeals. Although the pathetic appeal can be manipulative, it is the cornerstone of moving people to action. (Persuasive appeals: [["On Distinctions between Classical and Modern Rhetoric" by Andrea A. Lunsford and Lisa S. Ede]]<br />
*'''Pejorative''': a word or phrase that has negative connotations or that is intended to disparage or belittle: a pejorative word or phrase (see [["On Distinctions between Classical and Modern Rhetoric" by Andrea A. Lunsford and Lisa S. Ede]])<br />
*'''Phonemes''': any of the abstract units of the phonetic system of a language that correspond to a set of similar speech sounds (as the velar \k\ of cool and the palatal \k\ of keel) which are perceived to be a single distinctive sound in the language (see [["Nature of the Linguistic Sign" by Ferdinand de Saussure]])<br />
*'''Pisteis''': proofs, persuasive appeals (logos, ethos, pathos); artistic (logical, logos, nonlogical, ethos and pathos) and inartistic (tangible evidence) proofs (see [["On Distinctions between Classical and Modern Rhetoric" by Andrea A. Lunsford and Lisa S. Ede]])<br />
*'''Poeis''': fine arts (see [["On Distinctions between Classical and Modern Rhetoric" by Andrea A. Lunsford and Lisa S. Ede]])<br />
*'''Polyglossia''': the hybrid nature of language (see [[Mikhail Bakhtin]] and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikhail_Bakhtin#The_Dialogic_Imagination:_Chronotope.2C_Heteroglossia The Dialogic Imagination]<br />
*'''Positivist empiricism''': emphasizes role of experience and evidence especially sensory perception (see [["The New Rhetoric" by Chaim Perelman]])<br />
*'''Priori''': relating to or derived by reasoning from self-evident propositions (see [["Nature of the Linguistic Sign" by Ferdinand de Saussure]])<br />
*'''Proofs''': Justification, reasoning, argumentation. (Perelman [[February 10 Class Notes]])<br />
<br />
== Q ==<br />
<br />
<br />
== R ==<br />
<br />
*'''Rationalism''': truth is not sensory, but intellectual and deductive. You only know thought through deductive reasoning. (Perelman [[February 10 Class Notes]])<br />
*'''Rationalistic idealism''': criterion of truth is not sensory but intelluctual and deductive (see [["The New Rhetoric" by Chaim Perelman]])<br />
*'''Rediscovers''': the effects of analogy or isomorphism with current forms of knowledge that allow the perception of forgotten or obscured figures (see[["What is an Author?" by Michel Foucault]])<br />
*'''Representame'''n: what something represents to you personally (creates in the mind of that person an equivalent sign, or perhaps a more developed sign) (Peirce [[January 25 Class Notes]])<br />
* Rhetoric: (see [[Definitions of Rhetoric]])<br />
<br />
== S ==<br />
*'''Semantic''': of or relating to meaning in language (see [["Toward a Methodology for the Human Sciences" by Mikhail Bakhtin]])<br />
*'''Semiology''': the study of signs (see [["Nature of the Linguistic Sign" by Ferdinand de Saussure]])<br />
*'''Signified''': concept in the mind (not a thing but the notion of a thing) (see [["Nature of the Linguistic Sign" by Ferdinand de Saussure]])<br />
*'''Signifier''': the material (or physical form) of the sign (see [["Nature of the Linguistic Sign" by Ferdinand de Saussure]])<br />
*'''Syllogism''': logical/deductive, conclusion resting on 2 premises (major, minor, conclusion) (see [["On Distinctions between Classical and Modern Rhetoric" by Andrea A. Lunsford and Lisa S. Ede]])<br />
*'''Supra-Textual Structuring''': affects the document globally, with section titles, page headers, tabs, page size, orientation, the placement of extra-textual elements (e.g. data display and pictures), icons, page color, and various line, textures, and marks. Supra-textual cues create visual coherence among units in a document (see [https://pantherfile.uwm.edu/alred/www/pdf/kostelnick-rhetoricoftext.pdf Rhetoric of Text])<br />
*'''Synchronic''': concerned with events existing in a limited time period and ignoring historical antecedents (see [["Nature of the Linguistic Sign" by Ferdinand de Saussure]])<br />
*'''Subjectivism''': doctrine that knowledge is merely subjective and that there is no external or objective truth (see [["The New Rhetoric" by Chaim Perelman]])<br />
<br />
== T ==<br />
<br />
*'''Tautologies''': a phrase or expression in which the same thing is said twice in different words; a statement that is true by necessity or by virtue of its logical form(see [["The New Rhetoric" by Chaim Perelman]])<br />
*'''Techne''': art, craft (see [["On Distinctions between Classical and Modern Rhetoric" by Andrea A. Lunsford and Lisa S. Ede]])<br />
*'''Telos''': an ultimate end. (Burke [[January 27 Class Notes]])<br />
*'''Tropism''': growth toward or away from external stimulus (Burke [[January 27 Class Notes]])<br />
<br />
== U ==<br />
<br />
<br />
== V ==<br />
<br />
<br />
== W ==<br />
*Warrant:<br />
<br />
== X ==<br />
<br />
<br />
== Y ==<br />
<br />
<br />
== Z ==</div>RachelMhttps://rhetorclick.com/wiki/GlossaryGlossary2011-05-09T21:13:22Z<p>RachelM: </p>
<hr />
<div>This page is dedicated to key terms from the readings.<br />
<br />
<br />
== A ==<br />
<br />
*'''Aesthetics''': study of the mind and emotions in relation to the sense of beauty (see [["The New Rhetoric" by Chaim Perelman]])<br />
*'''Affective Fallacy''': Wimsatt and Berdsley claimed that evaluating literature by the way it affects the reader is uselessly subjective. Again, literature should be evaluated through its use of language, not outside factors (see [["How to Read a Page" by I. A. Richards]])<br />
*'''Aleatoric''': according to chance (see [["On Distinctions between Classical and Modern Rhetoric" by Andrea A. Lunsford and Lisa S. Ede]])<br />
*'''Ambiguity''': Richards showed how under-examined ambiguities can lead to misinterpretation of an entire work (see [["How to Read a Page" by I. A. Richards]])<br />
*'''Animism''': according to Aristotle, all objects have souls (see [["On Distinctions between Classical and Modern Rhetoric" by Andrea A. Lunsford and Lisa S. Ede]])<br />
*'''Antistrophos''': counterpart, companion (see [["On Distinctions between Classical and Modern Rhetoric" by Andrea A. Lunsford and Lisa S. Ede]])<br />
*'''Antithetical''': being in direct and unequivocal opposition (see [["Nature of the Linguistic Sign" by Ferdinand de Saussure]])<br />
*'''Antilogies''': contradiction in terms or ideas (see [["The New Rhetoric" by Chaim Perelman]])<br />
*'''Aphorism''': a pithy observation that contains a general truth(see [["What is an Author?" by Michel Foucault]])<br />
*'''Apodictic philosophy''': something demonstrated therefore true (see [["The New Rhetoric" by Chaim Perelman]])<br />
*'''Axiom''': self-evident truths that require no proof (see [["The New Rhetoric" by Chaim Perelman]])<br />
<br />
== B ==<br />
*'''Backing''':<br />
*'''Bricolage''': (in art or literature) construction or creation from a diverse range of available things (see [[April 5 Class Notes]])<br />
<br />
== C ==<br />
<br />
<br />
*'''Canonical''': accepted as being accurate and authoritative (see[["What is an Author?" by Michel Foucault]])<br />
*'''Categorical imperative''': an unconditional moral obligation that is binding in all circumstances and is not dependent on a person's inclination or purpose (see [["The New Rhetoric" by Chaim Perelman]])<br />
*'''Chariot allegory''': Socrates compares the soul to chariot horses and their rider. He believes the soul (chariot rider) is immortal and consists of one good horse and one bad horse. The soul is in constant struggle balancing and choosing between the two horses. Through the good soul only, the chariot can make it to eternity or heaven. (Weaver [[February 15 Class Notes]])<br />
*'''Classical Rhetori'''c: theory of persuasive discourse (Perelman [[February 10 Class Notes]])<br />
*'''Close Reading''': Richards shifted the focus from general analysis to a meticulous, word-level method of interpretation, which has greatly influenced modern criticism. (Richards [[February 1 Class Notes]])<br />
*'''Compendia''': a brief summary of a larger work or of a field of knowledge; a list of number items (see [["On Distinctions between Classical and Modern Rhetoric" by Andrea A. Lunsford and Lisa S. Ede]])<br />
<br />
== D ==<br />
<br />
*'''Datum''':<br />
*'''Death of the Author''': Roland Barthe's essay argues that the author must be disentangled from the text (Richards [[February 1 Class Notes]])<br />
*'''Deictic''': denoting a word or expression whose meaning is dependent on the context in which it is used (see [["What Is an Author?" Michel Foucault]])<br />
*'''Dialectic''': two-sided dialogue, formal argumentation system, conversation (see [["On Distinctions between Classical and Modern Rhetoric" by Andrea A. Lunsford and Lisa S. Ede]])<br />
*'''Doxa''': social knowledge (see [["On Distinctions between Classical and Modern Rhetoric" by Andrea A. Lunsford and Lisa S. Ede]])<br />
*'''Dialectical reasoning''': moving back and forth between contrary lines of reasoning examing both arguments (see [["The New Rhetoric" by Chaim Perelman]])<br />
*'''Diachronic''': of, relating to, or dealing with phenomena (as of language or culture) as they occur or change over a period of time (see [["Nature of the Linguistic Sign" by Ferdinand de Saussure]])<br />
*'''Dispositio''': the system used for the organization of arguments in Western classical rhetoric (see [["On Distinctions between Classical and Modern Rhetoric" by Andrea A. Lunsford and Lisa S. Ede]])<br />
<br />
== E ==<br />
*'''Ecriture''': the French word for ‘writing’. where it appears in this form in English texts, it refers to one or more specific senses used by modern French theorists.. "What Is an Author?"] by [[Michel Foucault]])<br />
*'''Emthymeme''': uses audience's assumptions, only use 1 premise (see [["On Distinctions between Classical and Modern Rhetoric" by Andrea A. Lunsford and Lisa S. Ede]])<br />
*'''Entelechy''': the actualization of form-giving cause as contrasted with potential existence. (Burke [[January 27 Class Notes]])<br />
*'''Episteme''': core, truths of the earth knowledge (see [["On Distinctions between Classical and Modern Rhetoric" by Andrea A. Lunsford and Lisa S. Ede]])<br />
*'''Esperanto''': an artificial international language based as far as possible on words common to the chief European languages (see [["Nature of the Linguistic Sign" by Ferdinand de Saussure]])<br />
*'''Ethos''': The persuasive appeal of one's character, especially how this character is established by means of speech or discourse. Ethotic appeals rely on the trustworthiness of the speaker or writer. Ethos is an effective appeal because when the audience believes that the speaker does not intend to do them harm, they are more likely to trust what is being said. (Persuasive appeals: see [["On Distinctions between Classical and Modern Rhetoric" by Andrea A. Lunsford and Lisa S. Ede]]<br />
*'''Etymologically''' (Burke [[January 27 Class Notes]])<br />
*'''Existentialism''': a philosophical theory or approach that emphasizes the existence of the individual person as a free and responsible agent determining their own development through acts of the will (see [["The New Rhetoric" by Chaim Perelman]])<br />
*''Exegesis'': manifesting behavior that is habitual, maladaptive, and compulsive (see [["What Is an Author?" Michel Foucault]])<br />
*'''Exordium''': the beginning or introductory part, esp. of a discourse or treatise(see [["The New Rhetoric" by Chaim Perelman]])<br />
<br />
== F ==<br />
*'''Forensic speaking''': is a form of speech that either attacks or defends somebody (see [["The New Rhetoric" by Chaim Perelman]])<br />
<br />
== G ==<br />
<br />
<br />
== H ==<br />
<br />
*''Homonymy'': the relation between two words that are spelled the same way but differ in meaning or the relation between two words that are pronounced the same way but differ in meaning (see [["What Is an Author?" Michel Foucault]])<br />
*'''Hypertext''': Ted Nelson, who coined the term hypertext, defines it as non-sequential writing. "This means writing in which the logical connections between elements are primarily associative rather than syllogistic, as in conventional text" (Slatin 171). (Slatin [[March 22 Class Notes]])<br />
<br />
== I ==<br />
*'''Imbued''': to permeate or influence as if by dyeing (see [["Nature of the Linguistic Sign" by Ferdinand de Saussure]])<br />
*'''Inventio''': the system or method used for the discovery of arguments in Western rhetoric (see [["On Distinctions between Classical and Modern Rhetoric" by Andrea A. Lunsford and Lisa S. Ede]])<br />
*'''Intentional Fallacy''': William K. Wimsatt and Monroe Beardsley asserted that the author's words, not his intent, should be studied. Richards argued that since an authors mind can never be known, we can only examine her words (Richards [[February 1 Class Notes]])<br />
*'''Interpretant''': how you perceive the representamen (Peirce [[January 25 Class Notes]])<br />
*'''Inter-Textual Variations''': On the inter-textual level, text is structured through alphanumeric cues (headings, numbers), spatial cues (horizontal and vertical distribution of text on a page) and graphic cues (bullets, arrows, lines on tables) (see [https://pantherfile.uwm.edu/alred/www/pdf/kostelnick-rhetoricoftext.pdf Rhetoric of Text]).<br />
*'''Intra-Textual Variations''': local changes in typography, such as boldfacing, upper case, italics, etc (see [https://pantherfile.uwm.edu/alred/www/pdf/kostelnick-rhetoricoftext.pdf Rhetoric of Text]).<br />
*'''Inventio''': the system or method used for the discovery of arguments in Western rhetoric (see [["On Distinctions between Classical and Modern Rhetoric" by Andrea A. Lunsford and Lisa S. Ede]])<br />
*'''Isomorphous''': being of identical or similar form, shape, or structure (see [["Toward a Methodology for the Human Sciences" by Mikhail Bakhtin]])<br />
*'''Instrumental value judgment''': judgments that use values as a means to alread accepted ends, or as obstacles to their attainment (see [["The New Rhetoric" by Chaim Perelman]])<br />
*'''Intuitionism''': theory that primary truths and principles (esp. those of ethics and metaphysics) are known directly by intuition(see [["The New Rhetoric" by Chaim Perelman]])<br />
<br />
== J ==<br />
<br />
<br />
== K ==<br />
<br />
*'''Krisis''': point of judgment, moment of decision (see [["On Distinctions between Classical and Modern Rhetoric" by Andrea A. Lunsford and Lisa S. Ede]])<br />
<br />
== L ==<br />
<br />
*'''Logology''': study of language and symbols (Burke [[January 27 Class Notes]])<br />
*'''Logos''': the appeal to reason. Logical appeals attempt to persuade the audience using intellect. Most academic arguments rely mainly on logos. (Persuasive appeals: [["On Distinctions between Classical and Modern Rhetoric" by Andrea A. Lunsford and Lisa S. Ede]]<br />
*'''Logical empiricism''': school of philosophy that combines empiricism - the idea that observational evidence is indispensable for knowledge of the world - with a version of rationalism incorporating mathematical and logico-linguistic constructs ( See "The New Rhetoric" by Chaim Perelman)<br />
<br />
== M ==<br />
<br />
*'''Modal Qualifiers''':<br />
<br />
== N ==<br />
*'''Natura naturans''': nature doing what nature does (see [["Toward a Methodology for the Human Sciences" by Mikhail Bakhtin]])<br />
*'''Natura naurata''': nature already created (see [["Toward a Methodology for the Human Sciences" by Mikhail Bakhtin]])<br />
*'''New Criticism''': Richards' ideas helped establish this movement, which viewed texts as completely autonomous (Richards [[February 1 Class Notes]])<br />
*'''New Rhetoric''': theory of argumentation (Perelman [[February 10 Class Notes]])<br />
*'''Node''': Any object which is linked to another object (Slatin [[March 22 Class Notes]])<br />
<br />
== O ==<br />
<br />
*'''Object''': the action you take (Peirce [[January 25 Class Notes]])<br />
*'''Organon''': an instrument for acquiring knowledge; specifically: a body of principles of scientific or philosophic investigation (see [["On Distinctions between Classical and Modern Rhetoric" by Andrea A. Lunsford and Lisa S. Ede]])<br />
*'''Orthographic''': projection of a single view of an object (as a view of the front) onto a drawing surface in which the lines of projection are perpendicular to the drawing surface (see [["Nature of the Linguistic Sign" by Ferdinand de Saussure]])<br />
<br />
== P ==<br />
<br />
*'''Paradeigma''': use of example or evidence to prove a point (see [["On Distinctions between Classical and Modern Rhetoric" by Andrea A. Lunsford and Lisa S. Ede]])<br />
*'''Pathos''': the appeal to emotion. When people accept a claim based on how it makes them feels=, they are acting on pathos. A majority of advertisements and arguments in the popular press rely heavily on pathetic appeals. Although the pathetic appeal can be manipulative, it is the cornerstone of moving people to action. (Persuasive appeals: [["On Distinctions between Classical and Modern Rhetoric" by Andrea A. Lunsford and Lisa S. Ede]]<br />
*'''Pejorative''': a word or phrase that has negative connotations or that is intended to disparage or belittle: a pejorative word or phrase (see [["On Distinctions between Classical and Modern Rhetoric" by Andrea A. Lunsford and Lisa S. Ede]])<br />
*'''Phonemes''': any of the abstract units of the phonetic system of a language that correspond to a set of similar speech sounds (as the velar \k\ of cool and the palatal \k\ of keel) which are perceived to be a single distinctive sound in the language (see [["Nature of the Linguistic Sign" by Ferdinand de Saussure]])<br />
*'''Pisteis''': proofs, persuasive appeals (logos, ethos, pathos); artistic (logical, logos, nonlogical, ethos and pathos) and inartistic (tangible evidence) proofs (see [["On Distinctions between Classical and Modern Rhetoric" by Andrea A. Lunsford and Lisa S. Ede]])<br />
*'''Poeis''': fine arts (see [["On Distinctions between Classical and Modern Rhetoric" by Andrea A. Lunsford and Lisa S. Ede]])<br />
*'''Polyglossia''': the hybrid nature of language (see [[Mikhail Bakhtin]] and [[The Dialogic Imagination]])<br />
*'''Positivist empiricism''': emphasizes role of experience and evidence especially sensory perception (see [["The New Rhetoric" by Chaim Perelman]])<br />
*'''Priori''': relating to or derived by reasoning from self-evident propositions (see [["Nature of the Linguistic Sign" by Ferdinand de Saussure]])<br />
*'''Proofs''': Justification, reasoning, argumentation. (Perelman [[February 10 Class Notes]])<br />
<br />
== Q ==<br />
<br />
<br />
== R ==<br />
<br />
*'''Rationalism''': truth is not sensory, but intellectual and deductive. You only know thought through deductive reasoning. (Perelman [[February 10 Class Notes]])<br />
*'''Rationalistic idealism''': criterion of truth is not sensory but intelluctual and deductive (see [["The New Rhetoric" by Chaim Perelman]])<br />
*'''Rediscovers''': the effects of analogy or isomorphism with current forms of knowledge that allow the perception of forgotten or obscured figures (see[["What is an Author?" by Michel Foucault]])<br />
*'''Representame'''n: what something represents to you personally (creates in the mind of that person an equivalent sign, or perhaps a more developed sign) (Peirce [[January 25 Class Notes]])<br />
* Rhetoric: (see [[Definitions of Rhetoric]])<br />
<br />
== S ==<br />
*'''Semantic''': of or relating to meaning in language (see [["Toward a Methodology for the Human Sciences" by Mikhail Bakhtin]])<br />
*'''Semiology''': the study of signs (see [["Nature of the Linguistic Sign" by Ferdinand de Saussure]])<br />
*'''Signified''': concept in the mind (not a thing but the notion of a thing) (see [["Nature of the Linguistic Sign" by Ferdinand de Saussure]])<br />
*'''Signifier''': the material (or physical form) of the sign (see [["Nature of the Linguistic Sign" by Ferdinand de Saussure]])<br />
*'''Syllogism''': logical/deductive, conclusion resting on 2 premises (major, minor, conclusion) (see [["On Distinctions between Classical and Modern Rhetoric" by Andrea A. Lunsford and Lisa S. Ede]])<br />
*'''Supra-Textual Structuring''': affects the document globally, with section titles, page headers, tabs, page size, orientation, the placement of extra-textual elements (e.g. data display and pictures), icons, page color, and various line, textures, and marks. Supra-textual cues create visual coherence among units in a document (see [https://pantherfile.uwm.edu/alred/www/pdf/kostelnick-rhetoricoftext.pdf Rhetoric of Text])<br />
*'''Synchronic''': concerned with events existing in a limited time period and ignoring historical antecedents (see [["Nature of the Linguistic Sign" by Ferdinand de Saussure]])<br />
*'''Subjectivism''': doctrine that knowledge is merely subjective and that there is no external or objective truth (see [["The New Rhetoric" by Chaim Perelman]])<br />
<br />
== T ==<br />
<br />
*'''Tautologies''': a phrase or expression in which the same thing is said twice in different words; a statement that is true by necessity or by virtue of its logical form(see [["The New Rhetoric" by Chaim Perelman]])<br />
*'''Techne''': art, craft (see [["On Distinctions between Classical and Modern Rhetoric" by Andrea A. Lunsford and Lisa S. Ede]])<br />
*'''Telos''': an ultimate end. (Burke [[January 27 Class Notes]])<br />
*'''Tropism''': growth toward or away from external stimulus (Burke [[January 27 Class Notes]])<br />
<br />
== U ==<br />
<br />
<br />
== V ==<br />
<br />
<br />
== W ==<br />
*Warrant:<br />
<br />
== X ==<br />
<br />
<br />
== Y ==<br />
<br />
<br />
== Z ==</div>RachelMhttps://rhetorclick.com/wiki/GlossaryGlossary2011-05-09T21:10:13Z<p>RachelM: </p>
<hr />
<div>This page is dedicated to key terms from the readings.<br />
<br />
<br />
== A ==<br />
<br />
*'''Aesthetics''': study of the mind and emotions in relation to the sense of beauty (see [["The New Rhetoric" by Chaim Perelman]])<br />
*'''Affective Fallacy''': Wimsatt and Berdsley claimed that evaluating literature by the way it affects the reader is uselessly subjective. Again, literature should be evaluated through its use of language, not outside factors (see [["How to Read a Page" by I. A. Richards]])<br />
*'''Aleatoric''': according to chance (see [["On Distinctions between Classical and Modern Rhetoric" by Andrea A. Lunsford and Lisa S. Ede]])<br />
*'''Ambiguity''': Richards showed how under-examined ambiguities can lead to misinterpretation of an entire work (see [["How to Read a Page" by I. A. Richards]])<br />
*'''Animism''': according to Aristotle, all objects have souls (see [["On Distinctions between Classical and Modern Rhetoric" by Andrea A. Lunsford and Lisa S. Ede]])<br />
*'''Antistrophos''': counterpart, companion (see [["On Distinctions between Classical and Modern Rhetoric" by Andrea A. Lunsford and Lisa S. Ede]])<br />
*'''Antithetical''': being in direct and unequivocal opposition (see [["Nature of the Linguistic Sign" by Ferdinand de Saussure]])<br />
*'''Antilogies''': contradiction in terms or ideas (see [["The New Rhetoric" by Chaim Perelman]])<br />
*'''Aphorism''': a pithy observation that contains a general truth(see [["What is an Author?" by Michel Foucault]])<br />
*'''Apodictic philosophy''': something demonstrated therefore true (see [["The New Rhetoric" by Chaim Perelman]])<br />
*'''Axiom''': self-evident truths that require no proof (see [["The New Rhetoric" by Chaim Perelman]])<br />
<br />
== B ==<br />
*'''Backing''':<br />
*'''Bricolage''': (in art or literature) construction or creation from a diverse range of available things (see [[April 5 Class Notes]])<br />
<br />
== C ==<br />
<br />
<br />
*'''Canonical''': accepted as being accurate and authoritative (see[["What is an Author?" by Michel Foucault]])<br />
*'''Categorical imperative''': an unconditional moral obligation that is binding in all circumstances and is not dependent on a person's inclination or purpose (see [["The New Rhetoric" by Chaim Perelman]])<br />
*'''Chariot allegory''': Socrates compares the soul to chariot horses and their rider. He believes the soul (chariot rider) is immortal and consists of one good horse and one bad horse. The soul is in constant struggle balancing and choosing between the two horses. Through the good soul only, the chariot can make it to eternity or heaven. (Weaver [[February 15 Class Notes]])<br />
*'''Classical Rhetori'''c: theory of persuasive discourse (Perelman [[February 10 Class Notes]])<br />
*'''Close Reading''': Richards shifted the focus from general analysis to a meticulous, word-level method of interpretation, which has greatly influenced modern criticism. (Richards [[February 1 Class Notes]])<br />
*'''Compendia''': a brief summary of a larger work or of a field of knowledge; a list of number items (see [["On Distinctions between Classical and Modern Rhetoric" by Andrea A. Lunsford and Lisa S. Ede]])<br />
<br />
== D ==<br />
<br />
*'''Datum''':<br />
*'''Death of the Author''': Roland Barthe's essay argues that the author must be disentangled from the text (Richards [[February 1 Class Notes]])<br />
*'''Deictic''': denoting a word or expression whose meaning is dependent on the context in which it is used (see [["What Is an Author?" Michel Foucault]])<br />
*'''Dialectic''': two-sided dialogue, formal argumentation system, conversation (see [["On Distinctions between Classical and Modern Rhetoric" by Andrea A. Lunsford and Lisa S. Ede]])<br />
*'''Doxa''': social knowledge (see [["On Distinctions between Classical and Modern Rhetoric" by Andrea A. Lunsford and Lisa S. Ede]])<br />
*'''Dialectical reasoning''': moving back and forth between contrary lines of reasoning examing both arguments (see [["The New Rhetoric" by Chaim Perelman]])<br />
*'''Diachronic''': of, relating to, or dealing with phenomena (as of language or culture) as they occur or change over a period of time (see [["Nature of the Linguistic Sign" by Ferdinand de Saussure]])<br />
*'''Dispositio''': the system used for the organization of arguments in Western classical rhetoric (see [["On Distinctions between Classical and Modern Rhetoric" by Andrea A. Lunsford and Lisa S. Ede]])<br />
<br />
== E ==<br />
*'''Ecriture''': the French word for ‘writing’. where it appears in this form in English texts, it refers to one or more specific senses used by modern French theorists.. "What Is an Author?"] by [[Michel Foucault]])<br />
*'''Emthymeme''': uses audience's assumptions, only use 1 premise (see [["On Distinctions between Classical and Modern Rhetoric" by Andrea A. Lunsford and Lisa S. Ede]])<br />
*'''Entelechy''': the actualization of form-giving cause as contrasted with potential existence. (Burke [[January 27 Class Notes]])<br />
*'''Episteme''': core, truths of the earth knowledge (see [["On Distinctions between Classical and Modern Rhetoric" by Andrea A. Lunsford and Lisa S. Ede]])<br />
*'''Esperanto''': an artificial international language based as far as possible on words common to the chief European languages (see [["Nature of the Linguistic Sign" by Ferdinand de Saussure]])<br />
*'''Ethos''': The persuasive appeal of one's character, especially how this character is established by means of speech or discourse. Ethotic appeals rely on the trustworthiness of the speaker or writer. Ethos is an effective appeal because when the audience believes that the speaker does not intend to do them harm, they are more likely to trust what is being said. (Persuasive appeals: see [["On Distinctions between Classical and Modern Rhetoric" by Andrea A. Lunsford and Lisa S. Ede]]<br />
*'''Etymologically''' (Burke [[January 27 Class Notes]])<br />
*'''Existentialism''': a philosophical theory or approach that emphasizes the existence of the individual person as a free and responsible agent determining their own development through acts of the will (see [["The New Rhetoric" by Chaim Perelman]])<br />
*''Exegesis'': manifesting behavior that is habitual, maladaptive, and compulsive (see [["What Is an Author?" Michel Foucault]])<br />
*'''Exordium''': the beginning or introductory part, esp. of a discourse or treatise(see [["The New Rhetoric" by Chaim Perelman]])<br />
<br />
== F ==<br />
*'''Forensic speaking''': is a form of speech that either attacks or defends somebody (see [["The New Rhetoric" by Chaim Perelman]])<br />
<br />
== G ==<br />
<br />
<br />
== H ==<br />
<br />
*''Homonymy'': the relation between two words that are spelled the same way but differ in meaning or the relation between two words that are pronounced the same way but differ in meaning (see [["What Is an Author?" Michel Foucault]])<br />
*'''Hypertext''': Ted Nelson, who coined the term hypertext, defines it as non-sequential writing. "This means writing in which the logical connections between elements are primarily associative rather than syllogistic, as in conventional text" (Slatin 171). (Slatin [[March 22 Class Notes]])<br />
<br />
== I ==<br />
*'''Imbued''': to permeate or influence as if by dyeing (see [["Nature of the Linguistic Sign" by Ferdinand de Saussure]])<br />
*'''Inventio''': the system or method used for the discovery of arguments in Western rhetoric (see [["On Distinctions between Classical and Modern Rhetoric" by Andrea A. Lunsford and Lisa S. Ede]])<br />
*'''Intentional Fallacy''': William K. Wimsatt and Monroe Beardsley asserted that the author's words, not his intent, should be studied. Richards argued that since an authors mind can never be known, we can only examine her words (Richards [[February 1 Class Notes]])<br />
*'''Interpretant''': how you perceive the representamen (Peirce [[January 25 Class Notes]])<br />
*'''Inter-Textual Variations''': On the inter-textual level, text is structured through alphanumeric cues (headings, numbers), spatial cues (horizontal and vertical distribution of text on a page) and graphic cues (bullets, arrows, lines on tables) (see [https://pantherfile.uwm.edu/alred/www/pdf/kostelnick-rhetoricoftext.pdf Rhetoric of Text]).<br />
*'''Intra-Textual Variations''': local changes in typography, such as boldfacing, upper case, italics, etc (see [https://pantherfile.uwm.edu/alred/www/pdf/kostelnick-rhetoricoftext.pdf Rhetoric of Text]).<br />
*'''Inventio''': the system or method used for the discovery of arguments in Western rhetoric (see [["On Distinctions between Classical and Modern Rhetoric" by Andrea A. Lunsford and Lisa S. Ede]])<br />
*'''Isomorphous''': being of identical or similar form, shape, or structure (see [["Toward a Methodology for the Human Sciences" by Mikhail Bakhtin]])<br />
*'''Instrumental value judgment''': judgments that use values as a means to alread accepted ends, or as obstacles to their attainment (see [["The New Rhetoric" by Chaim Perelman]])<br />
*'''Intuitionism''': theory that primary truths and principles (esp. those of ethics and metaphysics) are known directly by intuition(see [["The New Rhetoric" by Chaim Perelman]])<br />
<br />
== J ==<br />
<br />
<br />
== K ==<br />
<br />
*'''Krisis''': point of judgment, moment of decision (see [["On Distinctions between Classical and Modern Rhetoric" by Andrea A. Lunsford and Lisa S. Ede]])<br />
<br />
== L ==<br />
<br />
*'''Logology''': study of language and symbols (Burke [[January 27 Class Notes]])<br />
*'''Logos''': the appeal to reason. Logical appeals attempt to persuade the audience using intellect. Most academic arguments rely mainly on logos. (Persuasive appeals: [["On Distinctions between Classical and Modern Rhetoric" by Andrea A. Lunsford and Lisa S. Ede]]<br />
*'''Logical empiricism''': school of philosophy that combines empiricism - the idea that observational evidence is indispensable for knowledge of the world - with a version of rationalism incorporating mathematical and logico-linguistic constructs ( See "The New Rhetoric" by Chaim Perelman)<br />
<br />
== M ==<br />
<br />
*'''Modal Qualifiers''':<br />
<br />
== N ==<br />
*'''Natura naturans''': nature doing what nature does (see [["Toward a Methodology for the Human Sciences" by Mikhail Bakhtin]])<br />
*'''Natura naurata''': nature already created (see [["Toward a Methodology for the Human Sciences" by Mikhail Bakhtin]])<br />
*'''New Criticism''': Richards' ideas helped establish this movement, which viewed texts as completely autonomous (Richards [[February 1 Class Notes]])<br />
*'''New Rhetoric''': theory of argumentation (Perelman [[February 10 Class Notes]])<br />
*'''Node''': Any object which is linked to another object (Slatin [[March 22 Class Notes]])<br />
<br />
== O ==<br />
<br />
*'''Object''': the action you take (Peirce [[January 25 Class Notes]])<br />
*'''Organon''': an instrument for acquiring knowledge; specifically: a body of principles of scientific or philosophic investigation (see [["On Distinctions between Classical and Modern Rhetoric" by Andrea A. Lunsford and Lisa S. Ede]])<br />
*'''Orthographic''': projection of a single view of an object (as a view of the front) onto a drawing surface in which the lines of projection are perpendicular to the drawing surface (see [["Nature of the Linguistic Sign" by Ferdinand de Saussure]])<br />
<br />
== P ==<br />
<br />
*'''Paradeigma''': use of example or evidence to prove a point (see [["On Distinctions between Classical and Modern Rhetoric" by Andrea A. Lunsford and Lisa S. Ede]])<br />
*'''Pathos''': the appeal to emotion. When people accept a claim based on how it makes them feels=, they are acting on pathos. A majority of advertisements and arguments in the popular press rely heavily on pathetic appeals. Although the pathetic appeal can be manipulative, it is the cornerstone of moving people to action. (Persuasive appeals: [["On Distinctions between Classical and Modern Rhetoric" by Andrea A. Lunsford and Lisa S. Ede]]<br />
*'''Pejorative''': a word or phrase that has negative connotations or that is intended to disparage or belittle: a pejorative word or phrase (see [["On Distinctions between Classical and Modern Rhetoric" by Andrea A. Lunsford and Lisa S. Ede]])<br />
*'''Phonemes''': any of the abstract units of the phonetic system of a language that correspond to a set of similar speech sounds (as the velar \k\ of cool and the palatal \k\ of keel) which are perceived to be a single distinctive sound in the language (see [["Nature of the Linguistic Sign" by Ferdinand de Saussure]])<br />
*'''Pisteis''': proofs, persuasive appeals (logos, ethos, pathos); artistic (logical, logos, nonlogical, ethos and pathos) and inartistic (tangible evidence) proofs (see [["On Distinctions between Classical and Modern Rhetoric" by Andrea A. Lunsford and Lisa S. Ede]])<br />
*'''Poeis''': fine arts (see [["On Distinctions between Classical and Modern Rhetoric" by Andrea A. Lunsford and Lisa S. Ede]])<br />
*'''Polyglossia''': the hybrid nature of language (see [[Mikhail Bakhtin]])<br />
*'''Positivist empiricism''': emphasizes role of experience and evidence especially sensory perception (see [["The New Rhetoric" by Chaim Perelman]])<br />
*'''Priori''': relating to or derived by reasoning from self-evident propositions (see [["Nature of the Linguistic Sign" by Ferdinand de Saussure]])<br />
*'''Proofs''': Justification, reasoning, argumentation. (Perelman [[February 10 Class Notes]])<br />
<br />
== Q ==<br />
<br />
<br />
== R ==<br />
<br />
*'''Rationalism''': truth is not sensory, but intellectual and deductive. You only know thought through deductive reasoning. (Perelman [[February 10 Class Notes]])<br />
*'''Rationalistic idealism''': criterion of truth is not sensory but intelluctual and deductive (see [["The New Rhetoric" by Chaim Perelman]])<br />
*'''Rediscovers''': the effects of analogy or isomorphism with current forms of knowledge that allow the perception of forgotten or obscured figures (see[["What is an Author?" by Michel Foucault]])<br />
*'''Representame'''n: what something represents to you personally (creates in the mind of that person an equivalent sign, or perhaps a more developed sign) (Peirce [[January 25 Class Notes]])<br />
* Rhetoric: (see [[Definitions of Rhetoric]])<br />
<br />
== S ==<br />
*'''Semantic''': of or relating to meaning in language (see [["Toward a Methodology for the Human Sciences" by Mikhail Bakhtin]])<br />
*'''Semiology''': the study of signs (see [["Nature of the Linguistic Sign" by Ferdinand de Saussure]])<br />
*'''Signified''': concept in the mind (not a thing but the notion of a thing) (see [["Nature of the Linguistic Sign" by Ferdinand de Saussure]])<br />
*'''Signifier''': the material (or physical form) of the sign (see [["Nature of the Linguistic Sign" by Ferdinand de Saussure]])<br />
*'''Syllogism''': logical/deductive, conclusion resting on 2 premises (major, minor, conclusion) (see [["On Distinctions between Classical and Modern Rhetoric" by Andrea A. Lunsford and Lisa S. Ede]])<br />
*'''Supra-Textual Structuring''': affects the document globally, with section titles, page headers, tabs, page size, orientation, the placement of extra-textual elements (e.g. data display and pictures), icons, page color, and various line, textures, and marks. Supra-textual cues create visual coherence among units in a document (see [https://pantherfile.uwm.edu/alred/www/pdf/kostelnick-rhetoricoftext.pdf Rhetoric of Text])<br />
*'''Synchronic''': concerned with events existing in a limited time period and ignoring historical antecedents (see [["Nature of the Linguistic Sign" by Ferdinand de Saussure]])<br />
*'''Subjectivism''': doctrine that knowledge is merely subjective and that there is no external or objective truth (see [["The New Rhetoric" by Chaim Perelman]])<br />
<br />
== T ==<br />
<br />
*'''Tautologies''': a phrase or expression in which the same thing is said twice in different words; a statement that is true by necessity or by virtue of its logical form(see [["The New Rhetoric" by Chaim Perelman]])<br />
*'''Techne''': art, craft (see [["On Distinctions between Classical and Modern Rhetoric" by Andrea A. Lunsford and Lisa S. Ede]])<br />
*'''Telos''': an ultimate end. (Burke [[January 27 Class Notes]])<br />
*'''Tropism''': growth toward or away from external stimulus (Burke [[January 27 Class Notes]])<br />
<br />
== U ==<br />
<br />
<br />
== V ==<br />
<br />
<br />
== W ==<br />
*Warrant:<br />
<br />
== X ==<br />
<br />
<br />
== Y ==<br />
<br />
<br />
== Z ==</div>RachelMhttps://rhetorclick.com/wiki/GlossaryGlossary2011-05-09T21:09:07Z<p>RachelM: </p>
<hr />
<div>This page is dedicated to key terms from the readings.<br />
<br />
<br />
== A ==<br />
<br />
*'''Aesthetics''': study of the mind and emotions in relation to the sense of beauty (see [["The New Rhetoric" by Chaim Perelman]])<br />
*'''Affective Fallacy''': Wimsatt and Berdsley claimed that evaluating literature by the way it affects the reader is uselessly subjective. Again, literature should be evaluated through its use of language, not outside factors (see [["How to Read a Page" by I. A. Richards]])<br />
*'''Aleatoric''': according to chance (see [["On Distinctions between Classical and Modern Rhetoric" by Andrea A. Lunsford and Lisa S. Ede]])<br />
*'''Ambiguity''': Richards showed how under-examined ambiguities can lead to misinterpretation of an entire work (see [["How to Read a Page" by I. A. Richards]])<br />
*'''Animism''': according to Aristotle, all objects have souls (see [["On Distinctions between Classical and Modern Rhetoric" by Andrea A. Lunsford and Lisa S. Ede]])<br />
*'''Antistrophos''': counterpart, companion (see [["On Distinctions between Classical and Modern Rhetoric" by Andrea A. Lunsford and Lisa S. Ede]])<br />
*'''Antithetical''': being in direct and unequivocal opposition (see [["Nature of the Linguistic Sign" by Ferdinand de Saussure]])<br />
*'''Antilogies''': contradiction in terms or ideas (see [["The New Rhetoric" by Chaim Perelman]])<br />
*'''Aphorism''': a pithy observation that contains a general truth(see [["What is an Author?" by Michel Foucault]])<br />
*'''Apodictic philosophy''': something demonstrated therefore true (see [["The New Rhetoric" by Chaim Perelman]])<br />
*'''Axiom''': self-evident truths that require no proof (see [["The New Rhetoric" by Chaim Perelman]])<br />
<br />
== B ==<br />
*'''Backing''':<br />
*'''Bricolage''': (in art or literature) construction or creation from a diverse range of available things (see [[April 5 Class Notes]])<br />
<br />
== C <br />
<br />
<br />
*'''Canonical''': accepted as being accurate and authoritative (see[["What is an Author?" by Michel Foucault]])<br />
*'''Categorical imperative''': an unconditional moral obligation that is binding in all circumstances and is not dependent on a person's inclination or purpose (see [["The New Rhetoric" by Chaim Perelman]])<br />
*'''Chariot allegory''': Socrates compares the soul to chariot horses and their rider. He believes the soul (chariot rider) is immortal and consists of one good horse and one bad horse. The soul is in constant struggle balancing and choosing between the two horses. Through the good soul only, the chariot can make it to eternity or heaven. (Weaver [[February 15 Class Notes]])<br />
*'''Classical Rhetori'''c: theory of persuasive discourse (Perelman [[February 10 Class Notes]])<br />
*'''Close Reading''': Richards shifted the focus from general analysis to a meticulous, word-level method of interpretation, which has greatly influenced modern criticism. (Richards [[February 1 Class Notes]])<br />
*'''Compendia''': a brief summary of a larger work or of a field of knowledge; a list of number items (see [["On Distinctions between Classical and Modern Rhetoric" by Andrea A. Lunsford and Lisa S. Ede]])<br />
<br />
== D ==<br />
<br />
*'''Datum''':<br />
*'''Death of the Author''': Roland Barthe's essay argues that the author must be disentangled from the text (Richards [[February 1 Class Notes]])<br />
*'''Deictic''': denoting a word or expression whose meaning is dependent on the context in which it is used (see [["What Is an Author?" Michel Foucault]])<br />
*'''Dialectic''': two-sided dialogue, formal argumentation system, conversation (see [["On Distinctions between Classical and Modern Rhetoric" by Andrea A. Lunsford and Lisa S. Ede]])<br />
*'''Doxa''': social knowledge (see [["On Distinctions between Classical and Modern Rhetoric" by Andrea A. Lunsford and Lisa S. Ede]])<br />
*'''Dialectical reasoning''': moving back and forth between contrary lines of reasoning examing both arguments (see [["The New Rhetoric" by Chaim Perelman]])<br />
*'''Diachronic''': of, relating to, or dealing with phenomena (as of language or culture) as they occur or change over a period of time (see [["Nature of the Linguistic Sign" by Ferdinand de Saussure]])<br />
*'''Dispositio''': the system used for the organization of arguments in Western classical rhetoric (see [["On Distinctions between Classical and Modern Rhetoric" by Andrea A. Lunsford and Lisa S. Ede]])<br />
<br />
== E ==<br />
*'''Ecriture''': the French word for ‘writing’. where it appears in this form in English texts, it refers to one or more specific senses used by modern French theorists.. "What Is an Author?"] by [[Michel Foucault]])<br />
*'''Emthymeme''': uses audience's assumptions, only use 1 premise (see [["On Distinctions between Classical and Modern Rhetoric" by Andrea A. Lunsford and Lisa S. Ede]])<br />
*'''Entelechy''': the actualization of form-giving cause as contrasted with potential existence. (Burke [[January 27 Class Notes]])<br />
*'''Episteme''': core, truths of the earth knowledge (see [["On Distinctions between Classical and Modern Rhetoric" by Andrea A. Lunsford and Lisa S. Ede]])<br />
*'''Esperanto''': an artificial international language based as far as possible on words common to the chief European languages (see [["Nature of the Linguistic Sign" by Ferdinand de Saussure]])<br />
*'''Ethos''': The persuasive appeal of one's character, especially how this character is established by means of speech or discourse. Ethotic appeals rely on the trustworthiness of the speaker or writer. Ethos is an effective appeal because when the audience believes that the speaker does not intend to do them harm, they are more likely to trust what is being said. (Persuasive appeals: see [["On Distinctions between Classical and Modern Rhetoric" by Andrea A. Lunsford and Lisa S. Ede]]<br />
*'''Etymologically''' (Burke [[January 27 Class Notes]])<br />
*'''Existentialism''': a philosophical theory or approach that emphasizes the existence of the individual person as a free and responsible agent determining their own development through acts of the will (see [["The New Rhetoric" by Chaim Perelman]])<br />
*''Exegesis'': manifesting behavior that is habitual, maladaptive, and compulsive (see [["What Is an Author?" Michel Foucault]])<br />
*'''Exordium''': the beginning or introductory part, esp. of a discourse or treatise(see [["The New Rhetoric" by Chaim Perelman]])<br />
<br />
== F ==<br />
*'''Forensic speaking''': is a form of speech that either attacks or defends somebody (see [["The New Rhetoric" by Chaim Perelman]])<br />
<br />
== G ==<br />
<br />
<br />
== H ==<br />
<br />
*''Homonymy'': the relation between two words that are spelled the same way but differ in meaning or the relation between two words that are pronounced the same way but differ in meaning (see [["What Is an Author?" Michel Foucault]])<br />
*'''Hypertext''': Ted Nelson, who coined the term hypertext, defines it as non-sequential writing. "This means writing in which the logical connections between elements are primarily associative rather than syllogistic, as in conventional text" (Slatin 171). (Slatin [[March 22 Class Notes]])<br />
<br />
== I ==<br />
*'''Imbued''': to permeate or influence as if by dyeing (see [["Nature of the Linguistic Sign" by Ferdinand de Saussure]])<br />
*'''Inventio''': the system or method used for the discovery of arguments in Western rhetoric (see [["On Distinctions between Classical and Modern Rhetoric" by Andrea A. Lunsford and Lisa S. Ede]])<br />
*'''Intentional Fallacy''': William K. Wimsatt and Monroe Beardsley asserted that the author's words, not his intent, should be studied. Richards argued that since an authors mind can never be known, we can only examine her words (Richards [[February 1 Class Notes]])<br />
*'''Interpretant''': how you perceive the representamen (Peirce [[January 25 Class Notes]])<br />
*'''Inter-Textual Variations''': On the inter-textual level, text is structured through alphanumeric cues (headings, numbers), spatial cues (horizontal and vertical distribution of text on a page) and graphic cues (bullets, arrows, lines on tables) (see [https://pantherfile.uwm.edu/alred/www/pdf/kostelnick-rhetoricoftext.pdf Rhetoric of Text]).<br />
*'''Intra-Textual Variations''': local changes in typography, such as boldfacing, upper case, italics, etc (see [https://pantherfile.uwm.edu/alred/www/pdf/kostelnick-rhetoricoftext.pdf Rhetoric of Text]).<br />
*'''Inventio''': the system or method used for the discovery of arguments in Western rhetoric (see [["On Distinctions between Classical and Modern Rhetoric" by Andrea A. Lunsford and Lisa S. Ede]])<br />
*'''Isomorphous''': being of identical or similar form, shape, or structure (see [["Toward a Methodology for the Human Sciences" by Mikhail Bakhtin]])<br />
*'''Instrumental value judgment''': judgments that use values as a means to alread accepted ends, or as obstacles to their attainment (see [["The New Rhetoric" by Chaim Perelman]])<br />
*'''Intuitionism''': theory that primary truths and principles (esp. those of ethics and metaphysics) are known directly by intuition(see [["The New Rhetoric" by Chaim Perelman]])<br />
<br />
== J ==<br />
<br />
<br />
== K ==<br />
<br />
*'''Krisis''': point of judgment, moment of decision (see [["On Distinctions between Classical and Modern Rhetoric" by Andrea A. Lunsford and Lisa S. Ede]])<br />
<br />
== L ==<br />
<br />
*'''Logology''': study of language and symbols (Burke [[January 27 Class Notes]])<br />
*'''Logos''': the appeal to reason. Logical appeals attempt to persuade the audience using intellect. Most academic arguments rely mainly on logos. (Persuasive appeals: [["On Distinctions between Classical and Modern Rhetoric" by Andrea A. Lunsford and Lisa S. Ede]]<br />
*'''Logical empiricism''': school of philosophy that combines empiricism - the idea that observational evidence is indispensable for knowledge of the world - with a version of rationalism incorporating mathematical and logico-linguistic constructs ( See "The New Rhetoric" by Chaim Perelman)<br />
<br />
== M ==<br />
<br />
*'''Modal Qualifiers''':<br />
<br />
== N ==<br />
*'''Natura naturans''': nature doing what nature does (see [["Toward a Methodology for the Human Sciences" by Mikhail Bakhtin]])<br />
*'''Natura naurata''': nature already created (see [["Toward a Methodology for the Human Sciences" by Mikhail Bakhtin]])<br />
*'''New Criticism''': Richards' ideas helped establish this movement, which viewed texts as completely autonomous (Richards [[February 1 Class Notes]])<br />
*'''New Rhetoric''': theory of argumentation (Perelman [[February 10 Class Notes]])<br />
*'''Node''': Any object which is linked to another object (Slatin [[March 22 Class Notes]])<br />
<br />
== O ==<br />
<br />
*'''Object''': the action you take (Peirce [[January 25 Class Notes]])<br />
*'''Organon''': an instrument for acquiring knowledge; specifically: a body of principles of scientific or philosophic investigation (see [["On Distinctions between Classical and Modern Rhetoric" by Andrea A. Lunsford and Lisa S. Ede]])<br />
*'''Orthographic''': projection of a single view of an object (as a view of the front) onto a drawing surface in which the lines of projection are perpendicular to the drawing surface (see [["Nature of the Linguistic Sign" by Ferdinand de Saussure]])<br />
<br />
== P ==<br />
<br />
*'''Paradeigma''': use of example or evidence to prove a point (see [["On Distinctions between Classical and Modern Rhetoric" by Andrea A. Lunsford and Lisa S. Ede]])<br />
*'''Pathos''': the appeal to emotion. When people accept a claim based on how it makes them feels=, they are acting on pathos. A majority of advertisements and arguments in the popular press rely heavily on pathetic appeals. Although the pathetic appeal can be manipulative, it is the cornerstone of moving people to action. (Persuasive appeals: [["On Distinctions between Classical and Modern Rhetoric" by Andrea A. Lunsford and Lisa S. Ede]]<br />
*'''Pejorative''': a word or phrase that has negative connotations or that is intended to disparage or belittle: a pejorative word or phrase (see [["On Distinctions between Classical and Modern Rhetoric" by Andrea A. Lunsford and Lisa S. Ede]])<br />
*'''Phonemes''': any of the abstract units of the phonetic system of a language that correspond to a set of similar speech sounds (as the velar \k\ of cool and the palatal \k\ of keel) which are perceived to be a single distinctive sound in the language (see [["Nature of the Linguistic Sign" by Ferdinand de Saussure]])<br />
*'''Pisteis''': proofs, persuasive appeals (logos, ethos, pathos); artistic (logical, logos, nonlogical, ethos and pathos) and inartistic (tangible evidence) proofs (see [["On Distinctions between Classical and Modern Rhetoric" by Andrea A. Lunsford and Lisa S. Ede]])<br />
*'''Poeis''': fine arts (see [["On Distinctions between Classical and Modern Rhetoric" by Andrea A. Lunsford and Lisa S. Ede]])<br />
*'''Polyglossia''': the hybrid nature of language (see [[Mikhail Bakhtin]])<br />
*'''Positivist empiricism''': emphasizes role of experience and evidence especially sensory perception (see [["The New Rhetoric" by Chaim Perelman]])<br />
*'''Priori''': relating to or derived by reasoning from self-evident propositions (see [["Nature of the Linguistic Sign" by Ferdinand de Saussure]])<br />
*'''Proofs''': Justification, reasoning, argumentation. (Perelman [[February 10 Class Notes]])<br />
<br />
== Q ==<br />
<br />
<br />
== R ==<br />
<br />
*'''Rationalism''': truth is not sensory, but intellectual and deductive. You only know thought through deductive reasoning. (Perelman [[February 10 Class Notes]])<br />
*'''Rationalistic idealism''': criterion of truth is not sensory but intelluctual and deductive (see [["The New Rhetoric" by Chaim Perelman]])<br />
*'''Rediscovers''': the effects of analogy or isomorphism with current forms of knowledge that allow the perception of forgotten or obscured figures (see[["What is an Author?" by Michel Foucault]])<br />
*'''Representame'''n: what something represents to you personally (creates in the mind of that person an equivalent sign, or perhaps a more developed sign) (Peirce [[January 25 Class Notes]])<br />
* Rhetoric: (see [[Definitions of Rhetoric]])<br />
<br />
== S ==<br />
*'''Semantic''': of or relating to meaning in language (see [["Toward a Methodology for the Human Sciences" by Mikhail Bakhtin]])<br />
*'''Semiology''': the study of signs (see [["Nature of the Linguistic Sign" by Ferdinand de Saussure]])<br />
*'''Signified''': concept in the mind (not a thing but the notion of a thing) (see [["Nature of the Linguistic Sign" by Ferdinand de Saussure]])<br />
*'''Signifier''': the material (or physical form) of the sign (see [["Nature of the Linguistic Sign" by Ferdinand de Saussure]])<br />
*'''Syllogism''': logical/deductive, conclusion resting on 2 premises (major, minor, conclusion) (see [["On Distinctions between Classical and Modern Rhetoric" by Andrea A. Lunsford and Lisa S. Ede]])<br />
*'''Supra-Textual Structuring''': affects the document globally, with section titles, page headers, tabs, page size, orientation, the placement of extra-textual elements (e.g. data display and pictures), icons, page color, and various line, textures, and marks. Supra-textual cues create visual coherence among units in a document (see [https://pantherfile.uwm.edu/alred/www/pdf/kostelnick-rhetoricoftext.pdf Rhetoric of Text])<br />
*'''Synchronic''': concerned with events existing in a limited time period and ignoring historical antecedents (see [["Nature of the Linguistic Sign" by Ferdinand de Saussure]])<br />
*'''Subjectivism''': doctrine that knowledge is merely subjective and that there is no external or objective truth (see [["The New Rhetoric" by Chaim Perelman]])<br />
<br />
== T ==<br />
<br />
*'''Tautologies''': a phrase or expression in which the same thing is said twice in different words; a statement that is true by necessity or by virtue of its logical form(see [["The New Rhetoric" by Chaim Perelman]])<br />
*'''Techne''': art, craft (see [["On Distinctions between Classical and Modern Rhetoric" by Andrea A. Lunsford and Lisa S. Ede]])<br />
*'''Telos''': an ultimate end. (Burke [[January 27 Class Notes]])<br />
*'''Tropism''': growth toward or away from external stimulus (Burke [[January 27 Class Notes]])<br />
<br />
== U ==<br />
<br />
<br />
== V ==<br />
<br />
<br />
== W ==<br />
*Warrant:<br />
<br />
== X ==<br />
<br />
<br />
== Y ==<br />
<br />
<br />
== Z ==</div>RachelMhttps://rhetorclick.com/wiki/User:RachelMUser:RachelM2011-04-10T19:33:23Z<p>RachelM: </p>
<hr />
<div>I'm Rachel- on the Professional track at [[Wikipedia:St._Edwards_University|St. Edward's University]], graduating in December 2011. I work in a bakery, which is perhaps the worst possible employment opportunity for someone who has a crazy sweet tooth. I love my 70 lb. [[Wikipedia:Labrador_Retriever|Labrador Retriever]] Gia, coffee, naps, black and white photographs, and vintage furniture. Tweet me [http://twitter.com/#!/womynking @womynking] or read my sparsely updated food blog, [http://hippieats.wordpress.com Hippie Eats].<br />
<br />
== Contributions ==<br />
<br />
(focus on clean-up, formatting, theories & movements, authors)<br />
<br />
'''Kenneth Burke page:'''<br />
<br />
Added Article Summaries sub-head, with link to Definition of Man article summary<br />
<br />
Added Additional Resources & Reading sub-head, with link to University of Minnesota Kenneth Burke Resources website, link to Kenneth Burke Society<br />
<br />
'''Toulmin's "Layout of Arguments" Article Summary page:'''<br />
<br />
Added Key Terms sub-head, with link to syllogism page under glossary<br />
<br />
Added notable quotes sub-head, with quotes from the class notes page<br />
<br />
'''Lisa Ede page:'''<br />
<br />
Added Article Summaries sub-head with link to "On Distinctions..."<br />
<br />
Added Additional Resources & Reading sub-head, with link to Lunsford & Ede article "Audience Addressed/Audience Invoked: The Role of Audience in Composition"<br />
<br />
'''Ferdinand Saussure page:'''<br />
<br />
Added Article Summaries sub-head, above the already existing link to "Nature of the Linguistic Sign"<br />
<br />
Added Additional Resources & Reading sub-head, with link to "Semiotics for Beginners" web page, "Semiotics of Social Networking" photo from wikimedia commons, and Purdue OWL Structuralism and Semiotics page<br />
<br />
''I.A. Richards page:'''<br />
<br />
Linked New Criticism to already existing New Criticism page</div>RachelMhttps://rhetorclick.com/wiki/Ferdinand_de_SaussureFerdinand de Saussure2011-04-10T19:32:51Z<p>RachelM: /* Additional Readings & Resources */</p>
<hr />
<div>Ferdinand De Saussure (1857-1907) was a Swiss linguist. He studied linguistics at the University of Leipzig (1876) then later studied in Berlin. From 1881-1891, after receiving his doctorate from Leipzig, he taught in Paris, and in 1891, he accepted a professorship at Geneva. He taught at the University of Geneva for the rest of his career. In 1907, he started teaching General Linguistics.<br />
<br />
== Article Summaries ==<br />
<br />
[["Nature of the Linguistic Sign" by Ferdinand de Saussure]]<br />
<br />
== Notable Quotes ==<br />
<br />
== Additional Readings & Resources ==<br />
<br />
[http://www.aber.ac.uk/media/Documents/S4B/ Semiotics for Beginners]<br />
<br />
[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Chart_Semiotics_of_Social_Networking.jpg Semiotics of Social Networking]<br />
<br />
[http://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/722/07/ Purdue OWL: Structuralism and Semiotics]</div>RachelMhttps://rhetorclick.com/wiki/I._A._RichardsI. A. Richards2011-04-10T19:31:40Z<p>RachelM: </p>
<hr />
<div>I. A. Richards (1893-1979) studied philosophy at Magdalene College, Cambridge. He taught his first literary class at Magdalene. After working with C. K Ogen, he began studying interpretation, and after seeing his students’ interpretations of poems, he wrote Practical Criticism and Principles of Literary Criticism. Once he started teaching at Harvard University, he argued that it is useless to have theory without application. He is most known for the revival of the [[rhetorical triangle]], as well as being the father of [[New Criticism]].<br />
<br />
== Article Summaries ===<br />
<br />
[["How to Read a Page" by I. A. Richards]]<br />
<br />
== Additional Reading & Resources ==</div>RachelMhttps://rhetorclick.com/wiki/User:RachelMUser:RachelM2011-04-10T19:23:24Z<p>RachelM: /* Contributions */</p>
<hr />
<div>I'm Rachel- on the Professional track at [[Wikipedia:St._Edwards_University|St. Edward's University]], graduating in December 2011. I work in a bakery, which is perhaps the worst possible employment opportunity for someone who has a crazy sweet tooth. I love my 70 lb. [[Wikipedia:Labrador_Retriever|Labrador Retriever]] Gia, coffee, naps, black and white photographs, and vintage furniture. Tweet me [http://twitter.com/#!/womynking @womynking] or read my sparsely updated food blog, [http://hippieats.wordpress.com Hippie Eats].<br />
<br />
== Contributions ==<br />
<br />
(focus on clean-up, formatting, theories & movements, authors)<br />
<br />
'''Kenneth Burke page:'''<br />
<br />
Added Article Summaries sub-head, with link to Definition of Man article summary<br />
<br />
Added Additional Resources & Reading sub-head, with link to University of Minnesota Kenneth Burke Resources website, link to Kenneth Burke Society<br />
<br />
'''Toulmin's "Layout of Arguments" Article Summary page:'''<br />
<br />
Added Key Terms sub-head, with link to syllogism page under glossary<br />
<br />
Added notable quotes sub-head, with quotes from the class notes page<br />
<br />
'''Lisa Ede page:'''<br />
<br />
Added Article Summaries sub-head with link to "On Distinctions..."<br />
<br />
Added Additional Resources & Reading sub-head, with link to Lunsford & Ede article "Audience Addressed/Audience Invoked: The Role of Audience in Composition"<br />
<br />
'''Ferdinand Saussure page:'''<br />
<br />
Added Article Summaries sub-head, above the already existing link to "Nature of the Linguistic Sign"<br />
<br />
Added Additional Resources & Reading sub-head, with link to "Semiotics for Beginners" web page and "Semiotics of Social Networking" photo from wikimedia commons</div>RachelMhttps://rhetorclick.com/wiki/Ferdinand_de_SaussureFerdinand de Saussure2011-04-10T19:22:09Z<p>RachelM: </p>
<hr />
<div>Ferdinand De Saussure (1857-1907) was a Swiss linguist. He studied linguistics at the University of Leipzig (1876) then later studied in Berlin. From 1881-1891, after receiving his doctorate from Leipzig, he taught in Paris, and in 1891, he accepted a professorship at Geneva. He taught at the University of Geneva for the rest of his career. In 1907, he started teaching General Linguistics.<br />
<br />
== Article Summaries ==<br />
<br />
[["Nature of the Linguistic Sign" by Ferdinand de Saussure]]<br />
<br />
== Notable Quotes ==<br />
<br />
== Additional Readings & Resources ==<br />
<br />
[http://www.aber.ac.uk/media/Documents/S4B/ Semiotics for Beginners]<br />
<br />
[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Chart_Semiotics_of_Social_Networking.jpg Semiotics of Social Networking]</div>RachelMhttps://rhetorclick.com/wiki/Ferdinand_de_SaussureFerdinand de Saussure2011-04-10T19:20:31Z<p>RachelM: /* Additional Readings & Resources */</p>
<hr />
<div>Ferdinand De Saussure (1857-1907) was a Swiss linguist. He studied linguistics at the University of Leipzig (1876) then later studied in Berlin. From 1881-1891, after receiving his doctorate from Leipzig, he taught in Paris, and in 1891, he accepted a professorship at Geneva. He taught at the University of Geneva for the rest of his career. In 1907, he started teaching General Linguistics.<br />
<br />
== Article Summaries ==<br />
<br />
[["Nature of the Linguistic Sign" by Ferdinand de Saussure]]<br />
<br />
== Additional Readings & Resources ==<br />
<br />
[http://www.aber.ac.uk/media/Documents/S4B/ Semiotics for Beginners]<br />
<br />
[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Chart_Semiotics_of_Social_Networking.jpg Semiotics of Social Networking]</div>RachelMhttps://rhetorclick.com/wiki/Ferdinand_de_SaussureFerdinand de Saussure2011-04-10T19:20:18Z<p>RachelM: /* Additional Readings & Resources */</p>
<hr />
<div>Ferdinand De Saussure (1857-1907) was a Swiss linguist. He studied linguistics at the University of Leipzig (1876) then later studied in Berlin. From 1881-1891, after receiving his doctorate from Leipzig, he taught in Paris, and in 1891, he accepted a professorship at Geneva. He taught at the University of Geneva for the rest of his career. In 1907, he started teaching General Linguistics.<br />
<br />
== Article Summaries ==<br />
<br />
[["Nature of the Linguistic Sign" by Ferdinand de Saussure]]<br />
<br />
== Additional Readings & Resources ==<br />
<br />
[http://www.aber.ac.uk/media/Documents/S4B/ Semiotics for Beginners]<br />
[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Chart_Semiotics_of_Social_Networking.jpg Semiotics of Social Networking]</div>RachelMhttps://rhetorclick.com/wiki/Ferdinand_de_SaussureFerdinand de Saussure2011-04-10T19:17:46Z<p>RachelM: </p>
<hr />
<div>Ferdinand De Saussure (1857-1907) was a Swiss linguist. He studied linguistics at the University of Leipzig (1876) then later studied in Berlin. From 1881-1891, after receiving his doctorate from Leipzig, he taught in Paris, and in 1891, he accepted a professorship at Geneva. He taught at the University of Geneva for the rest of his career. In 1907, he started teaching General Linguistics.<br />
<br />
== Article Summaries ==<br />
<br />
[["Nature of the Linguistic Sign" by Ferdinand de Saussure]]<br />
<br />
== Additional Readings & Resources ==<br />
<br />
[http://www.aber.ac.uk/media/Documents/S4B/ Semiotics for Beginners]</div>RachelMhttps://rhetorclick.com/wiki/New_CriticismNew Criticism2011-04-10T19:04:05Z<p>RachelM: </p>
<hr />
<div>'''New Criticism''' was a movement in literary criticism that began in the early 20th century. Many of the movement's key principles, such as [[close reading]] and [[ambiguity]], were developed by [[I. A. Richards]].</div>RachelMhttps://rhetorclick.com/wiki/New_CriticismNew Criticism2011-04-10T19:00:40Z<p>RachelM: </p>
<hr />
<div>'''New Criticism''' was a movement in [[literary criticism]] that began in the early 20th century. Many of the movement's key principles, such as [[close reading]] and [[ambiguity]], were developed by [[I. A. Richards]].</div>RachelMhttps://rhetorclick.com/wiki/User:RachelMUser:RachelM2011-04-10T18:54:58Z<p>RachelM: /* Contributions */</p>
<hr />
<div>I'm Rachel- on the Professional track at [[Wikipedia:St._Edwards_University|St. Edward's University]], graduating in December 2011. I work in a bakery, which is perhaps the worst possible employment opportunity for someone who has a crazy sweet tooth. I love my 70 lb. [[Wikipedia:Labrador_Retriever|Labrador Retriever]] Gia, coffee, naps, black and white photographs, and vintage furniture. Tweet me [http://twitter.com/#!/womynking @womynking] or read my sparsely updated food blog, [http://hippieats.wordpress.com Hippie Eats].<br />
<br />
== Contributions ==<br />
<br />
(focus on clean-up, formatting, theories & movements, authors)<br />
<br />
'''Kenneth Burke page:'''<br />
<br />
Added Article Summaries sub-head, with link to Definition of Man article summary<br />
<br />
Added Additional Resources & Reading sub-head, with link to University of Minnesota Kenneth Burke Resources website, link to Kenneth Burke Society<br />
<br />
'''Toulmin's "Layout of Arguments" Article Summary page:'''<br />
<br />
Added Key Terms sub-head, with link to syllogism page under glossary<br />
<br />
Added notable quotes sub-head, with quotes from the class notes page<br />
<br />
'''Lisa Ede page:'''<br />
<br />
Added Article Summaries sub-head with link to "On Distinctions..."<br />
<br />
Added Additional Resources & Reading sub-head, with link to Lunsford & Ede article "Audience Addressed/Audience Invoked: The Role of Audience in Composition"</div>RachelMhttps://rhetorclick.com/wiki/User:RachelMUser:RachelM2011-04-10T18:54:36Z<p>RachelM: /* Contributions */</p>
<hr />
<div>I'm Rachel- on the Professional track at [[Wikipedia:St._Edwards_University|St. Edward's University]], graduating in December 2011. I work in a bakery, which is perhaps the worst possible employment opportunity for someone who has a crazy sweet tooth. I love my 70 lb. [[Wikipedia:Labrador_Retriever|Labrador Retriever]] Gia, coffee, naps, black and white photographs, and vintage furniture. Tweet me [http://twitter.com/#!/womynking @womynking] or read my sparsely updated food blog, [http://hippieats.wordpress.com Hippie Eats].<br />
<br />
== Contributions ==<br />
<br />
(focus on clean-up, formatting, theories & movements, authors)<br />
<br />
'''Kenneth Burke page:'''<br />
<br />
Added Article Summaries sub-head, with link to Definition of Man article summary<br />
Added Additional Resources & Reading sub-head, with link to University of Minnesota Kenneth Burke Resources website, link to Kenneth Burke Society<br />
<br />
'''Toulmin's "Layout of Arguments" Article Summary page:'''<br />
<br />
Added Key Terms sub-head, with link to syllogism page under glossary<br />
Added notable quotes sub-head, with quotes from the class notes page<br />
<br />
'''Lisa Ede page:'''<br />
<br />
Added Article Summaries sub-head with link to "On Distinctions..."<br />
Added Additional Resources & Reading sub-head, with link to Lunsford & Ede article "Audience Addressed/Audience Invoked: The Role of Audience in Composition"</div>RachelMhttps://rhetorclick.com/wiki/User:RachelMUser:RachelM2011-04-10T18:54:06Z<p>RachelM: </p>
<hr />
<div>I'm Rachel- on the Professional track at [[Wikipedia:St._Edwards_University|St. Edward's University]], graduating in December 2011. I work in a bakery, which is perhaps the worst possible employment opportunity for someone who has a crazy sweet tooth. I love my 70 lb. [[Wikipedia:Labrador_Retriever|Labrador Retriever]] Gia, coffee, naps, black and white photographs, and vintage furniture. Tweet me [http://twitter.com/#!/womynking @womynking] or read my sparsely updated food blog, [http://hippieats.wordpress.com Hippie Eats].<br />
<br />
== Contributions ==<br />
<br />
(focus on clean-up, formatting, theories & movements, authors)<br />
<br />
''Kenneth Burke page:''<br />
<br />
Added Article Summaries sub-head, with link to Definition of Man article summary<br />
Added Additional Resources & Reading sub-head, with link to University of Minnesota Kenneth Burke Resources website, link to Kenneth Burke Society<br />
<br />
''Toulmin's "Layout of Arguments" Article Summary page:''<br />
<br />
Added Key Terms sub-head, with link to syllogism page under glossary<br />
Added notable quotes sub-head, with quotes from the class notes page<br />
<br />
''Lisa Ede page:''<br />
<br />
Added Article Summaries sub-head with link to "On Distinctions..."<br />
Added Additional Resources & Reading sub-head, with link to Lunsford & Ede article "Audience Addressed/Audience Invoked: The Role of Audience in Composition"</div>RachelMhttps://rhetorclick.com/wiki/Lisa_S._EdeLisa S. Ede2011-04-10T18:45:45Z<p>RachelM: </p>
<hr />
<div>enter text here.<br />
<br />
== Article Summaries ==<br />
<br />
[["On Distinctions between Classical and Modern Rhetoric" by Andrea A. Lunsford and Lisa S. Ede]]<br />
<br />
== Additional Resources & Reading ==<br />
<br />
[http://cdh.sc.edu/~bhawk/readings/lunsford-ede.pdf Audience Addressed/Audience Invoked: The Role of Audience in Composition (Lunsford and Ede)]</div>RachelMhttps://rhetorclick.com/wiki/Toulmin,_Stephen_%22The_Layout_of_Arguments%22Toulmin, Stephen "The Layout of Arguments"2011-04-10T18:36:29Z<p>RachelM: </p>
<hr />
<div>In “The Layout of Arguments,” [[Stephen Toulmin]]’s thesis is that a new framework is needed for argumentation, as an alternative to the syllogism. The framework (or layout) he proposes involves a claim made due to some data, a warrant (often implicit) given to support the inference of the claim from the data, possibly a qualification added to the claim along with conditions of exception, and backing supplied to provide sufficient grounds for a warrant. Toulmin claims that the syllogism is too ambiguous because, for instance, universal premises (such as “All men are mortal”) do not properly distinguish between warrant and backing. Additionally, with a syllogism one cannot always tell whether a universal premise is true only in theory or in existential, empirical fact. Toulmin explains that logicians have too long relied on the syllogism and that in doing so they have forced arguments into a mold that doesn’t take into account subtle distinctions.<br />
<br />
== Notable Quotes ==<br />
<br />
*"It is at this physiological level that the idea of logical form has been introduced, and here that the validity of our arguments has ultimately to be established or refuted" (105).<br />
<br />
*"The existence of considerations such as would establish the acceptability of the most reliable warrants is something we are entitled to take for granted" (115).<br />
<br />
*"No entirely general answer can be given to the question, for what determines whether there are or are not existential implications in any particular case is not the form of statement itself, but rather the practical use to which this form is put on that occasion" (123).<br />
<br />
*"If we are to set our arguments out with complete logical candor, and understand properly the nature of the 'the logical process,' surely we shall need to emply a pattern of argument no less sophisticated than is required by law" (107). <br />
<br />
* "Even the most general warrants in ethical arguments are yet liable in unusual situations to suffer exceptions, and so at strongest can authorize only presumptive conclusions" (125).<br />
<br />
== Key Terms ==<br />
<br />
[http://4341.quinnwarnick.com/wiki/Glossary#S Syllogism]<br />
<br />
Warrant<br />
<br />
Backing<br />
<br />
Datum<br />
<br />
Modal Qualifiers</div>RachelMhttps://rhetorclick.com/wiki/Toulmin,_Stephen_%22The_Layout_of_Arguments%22Toulmin, Stephen "The Layout of Arguments"2011-04-10T18:33:59Z<p>RachelM: </p>
<hr />
<div>In “The Layout of Arguments,” [[Stephen Toulmin]]’s thesis is that a new framework is needed for argumentation, as an alternative to the syllogism. The framework (or layout) he proposes involves a claim made due to some data, a warrant (often implicit) given to support the inference of the claim from the data, possibly a qualification added to the claim along with conditions of exception, and backing supplied to provide sufficient grounds for a warrant. Toulmin claims that the syllogism is too ambiguous because, for instance, universal premises (such as “All men are mortal”) do not properly distinguish between warrant and backing. Additionally, with a syllogism one cannot always tell whether a universal premise is true only in theory or in existential, empirical fact. Toulmin explains that logicians have too long relied on the syllogism and that in doing so they have forced arguments into a mold that doesn’t take into account subtle distinctions.<br />
<br />
<br />
== Key Terms ==<br />
<br />
[http://4341.quinnwarnick.com/wiki/Glossary#S Syllogism]<br />
<br />
Warrant<br />
<br />
Backing<br />
<br />
Datum<br />
<br />
Modal Qualifiers</div>RachelMhttps://rhetorclick.com/wiki/Stephen_ToulminStephen Toulmin2011-04-10T18:33:41Z<p>RachelM: </p>
<hr />
<div>Needs biography.<br />
<br />
== Articles ==<br />
<br />
[http://4341.quinnwarnick.com/wiki/Toulmin,_Stephen_%22The_Layout_of_Arguments%22 The Layout of Arguments]<br />
<br />
'''Works:'''</div>RachelMhttps://rhetorclick.com/wiki/Donald_C._BryantDonald C. Bryant2011-04-10T18:19:18Z<p>RachelM: </p>
<hr />
<div>Donald C. Bryant (1905-1987) studied speech and English at Cornell University. He taught at the high school and university levels; he was a professor at New York State College for Teachers, Washington University, and University of Iowa. He was an editor for The Quarterly Journal of Speech for one term, and the president of the Speech Communication Association. He is known for defining the function of rhetoric as, “Adjusting ideas to people and people to ideas.”<br />
<br />
== Article Summaries ==<br />
<br />
[http://4341.quinnwarnick.com/wiki/Bryant,_Donald_C._%22Rhetoric:_Its_Functions_and_Its_Scope%22 Rhetoric: Its Functions and Its Scope]</div>RachelMhttps://rhetorclick.com/wiki/Kenneth_BurkeKenneth Burke2011-04-10T18:11:11Z<p>RachelM: /* Additional Resources & Reading */</p>
<hr />
<div>Kenneth Burke (1897-1993) attended Ohio State University for a semester before moving to Columbia University; however, he left college to pursue writing. He is thought of as a major American literary theorist.<br />
<br />
<br />
== Notable Quotes ==<br />
<br />
== Article Summaries ==<br />
<br />
[http://4341.quinnwarnick.com/wiki/Burke,_Kenneth_%22Definition_of_Man%22 Definition of Man]<br />
<br />
== Additional Resources & Reading ==<br />
<br />
[http://www.comm.umn.edu/burke/ University of Minnesota, Kenneth Burke Resources Website]<br />
<br />
[http://www.kbjournal.org/kbs The Kenneth Burke Society]</div>RachelMhttps://rhetorclick.com/wiki/Kenneth_BurkeKenneth Burke2011-04-10T18:10:48Z<p>RachelM: /* Additional Resources & Reading */</p>
<hr />
<div>Kenneth Burke (1897-1993) attended Ohio State University for a semester before moving to Columbia University; however, he left college to pursue writing. He is thought of as a major American literary theorist.<br />
<br />
<br />
== Notable Quotes ==<br />
<br />
== Article Summaries ==<br />
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[http://4341.quinnwarnick.com/wiki/Burke,_Kenneth_%22Definition_of_Man%22 Definition of Man]<br />
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== Additional Resources & Reading ==<br />
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[http://www.comm.umn.edu/burke/ University of Minnesota, Kenneth Burke Resources Website]<br />
[http://www.kbjournal.org/kbs The Kenneth Burke Society]</div>RachelMhttps://rhetorclick.com/wiki/Kenneth_BurkeKenneth Burke2011-04-10T18:07:59Z<p>RachelM: </p>
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<div>Kenneth Burke (1897-1993) attended Ohio State University for a semester before moving to Columbia University; however, he left college to pursue writing. He is thought of as a major American literary theorist.<br />
<br />
<br />
== Notable Quotes ==<br />
<br />
== Article Summaries ==<br />
<br />
[http://4341.quinnwarnick.com/wiki/Burke,_Kenneth_%22Definition_of_Man%22 Definition of Man]<br />
<br />
== Additional Resources & Reading ==<br />
<br />
[http://www.comm.umn.edu/burke/ University of Minnesota, Kenneth Burke Resources Website]</div>RachelMhttps://rhetorclick.com/wiki/Theories_and_MovementsTheories and Movements2011-04-10T17:58:06Z<p>RachelM: </p>
<hr />
<div>Ideas of various scholars-<br />
<br />
Ferdinand de Saussure, 1857-1913: signified and signifier are core of semiotics<br />
<br />
[[I. A. Richards]], 1893-1979: father of [[New Criticism]]<br />
<br />
Mikhail Bakhtin, 1895-1975: polyphony, unfinalizability, carnival and grotesque, chronotope, heteroglossia ("The Dialogic Imagination"), speech genres<br />
<br />
[[Kenneth Burke]], 1897-1993: [[Dramatistic Pentad]] (act, scene, agent, agency, purpose), definition of man as symbol-using animal<br />
<br />
[[Donald C. Bryant]], 1905-1987: [[definitions of rhetoric]]<br />
<br />
Richard Weaver, 1910-1963: man's nature is fourfold (rational, emotional, ethical, religious), "god terms" and "devil terms," [[Noble Rhetoric]]<br />
<br />
Chaïm Perelman, 1912-1984: [[New Rhetorics]]<br />
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Roland Barthes, 1915-1980: author and scriptor, neutral and novelistic writing<br />
<br />
Stephen Toulmin, 1922-2009: Toulmin Model of Argument (claim, data, warrant, backing, rebuttal, qualifier)<br />
<br />
Michel Foucault, 1926-1984: author-function<br />
<br />
Robert L. Scott, b. 1928: "epistemic rhetoric"<br />
<br />
Jim W. Corder, 1929-1998: argument as emergence toward the other<br />
<br />
Richard Ohmann, b. 1931:<br />
<br />
S. Michael Halloran, b. 1939:<br />
<br />
Lisa S. Ede, b. 1947, and Andrea A. Lunsford, b. 1942:<br />
<br />
Dennis Baron, b. 1944:<br />
<br />
Douglas Brent:<br />
<br />
Cynthia Selfe and Richard Selfe:<br />
<br />
John M. Slatin:<br />
<br />
Kathleen Yancey:</div>RachelMhttps://rhetorclick.com/wiki/Theories_and_MovementsTheories and Movements2011-04-10T17:57:32Z<p>RachelM: </p>
<hr />
<div>Ideas of various scholars-<br />
<br />
Ferdinand de Saussure, 1857-1913: signified and signifier are core of semiotics<br />
<br />
[[I. A. Richards]], 1893-1979: father of [[New Criticism]]<br />
<br />
Mikhail Bakhtin, 1895-1975: polyphony, unfinalizability, carnival and grotesque, chronotope, heteroglossia ("The Dialogic Imagination"), speech genres<br />
<br />
[[Kenneth Burke]], 1897-1993: [[Dramatistic Pentad]] (act, scene, agent, agency, purpose), definition of man as symbol-using animal<br />
<br />
Donald C. Bryant, 1905-1987: [[definitions of rhetoric]]<br />
<br />
Richard Weaver, 1910-1963: man's nature is fourfold (rational, emotional, ethical, religious), "god terms" and "devil terms," [[Noble Rhetoric]]<br />
<br />
Chaïm Perelman, 1912-1984: [[New Rhetorics]]<br />
<br />
Roland Barthes, 1915-1980: author and scriptor, neutral and novelistic writing<br />
<br />
Stephen Toulmin, 1922-2009: Toulmin Model of Argument (claim, data, warrant, backing, rebuttal, qualifier)<br />
<br />
Michel Foucault, 1926-1984: author-function<br />
<br />
Robert L. Scott, b. 1928: "epistemic rhetoric"<br />
<br />
Jim W. Corder, 1929-1998: argument as emergence toward the other<br />
<br />
Richard Ohmann, b. 1931:<br />
<br />
S. Michael Halloran, b. 1939:<br />
<br />
Lisa S. Ede, b. 1947, and Andrea A. Lunsford, b. 1942:<br />
<br />
Dennis Baron, b. 1944:<br />
<br />
Douglas Brent:<br />
<br />
Cynthia Selfe and Richard Selfe:<br />
<br />
John M. Slatin:<br />
<br />
Kathleen Yancey:</div>RachelMhttps://rhetorclick.com/wiki/User:RachelMUser:RachelM2011-01-19T03:49:57Z<p>RachelM: </p>
<hr />
<div>I'm Rachel- on the Professional track at [[Wikipedia:St._Edwards_University|St. Edward's University]], graduating in December 2011. I work in a bakery, which is perhaps the worst possible employment opportunity for someone who has a crazy sweet tooth. I love my 70 lb. [[Wikipedia:Labrador_Retriever|Labrador Retriever]] Gia, coffee, naps, black and white photographs, and vintage furniture. Tweet me [http://twitter.com/#!/womynking @womynking] or read my sparsely updated food blog, [http://hippieats.wordpress.com Hippie Eats].</div>RachelMhttps://rhetorclick.com/wiki/User:RachelMUser:RachelM2011-01-19T03:48:15Z<p>RachelM: </p>
<hr />
<div>I'm Rachel- on the Professional track, graduating in December 2011. I work in a bakery, which is perhaps the worst possible employment opportunity for someone who has a crazy sweet tooth. I love my 70 lb. [[Wikipedia:Labrador_Retriever|Labrador Retriever]] Gia, coffee, naps, black and white photographs, and vintage furniture. Tweet me [http://twitter.com/#!/womynking @womynking] or read my sparsely updated food blog, [http://hippieats.wordpress.com Hippie Eats].</div>RachelMhttps://rhetorclick.com/wiki/User:RachelMUser:RachelM2011-01-19T03:47:49Z<p>RachelM: </p>
<hr />
<div>I'm Rachel- on the Professional track, graduating in December 2011. I work in a bakery, which is perhaps the worst possible employment opportunity for someone who has a crazy sweet tooth. I love my 70 lb. [[Wikipedia:Labrador_Retriever|Labrador_Retriever]] Gia, coffee, naps, black and white photographs, and vintage furniture. Tweet me [http://twitter.com/#!/womynking @womynking] or read my sparsely updated food blog, [http://hippieats.wordpress.com Hippie Eats].</div>RachelMhttps://rhetorclick.com/wiki/User:RachelMUser:RachelM2011-01-19T03:46:14Z<p>RachelM: </p>
<hr />
<div>I'm Rachel- on the Professional track, graduating in December 2011. I work in a bakery, which is perhaps the worst possible employment opportunity for someone who has a crazy sweet tooth. I love my 70 lb. [[Wikipedia:Labrador Retreiver]] Gia, coffee, naps, black and white photographs, and vintage furniture. Tweet me [http://twitter.com/#!/womynking @womynking] or read my sparsely updated food blog, [http://hippieats.wordpress.com Hippie Eats].</div>RachelMhttps://rhetorclick.com/wiki/User:RachelMUser:RachelM2011-01-19T03:45:24Z<p>RachelM: </p>
<hr />
<div>I'm Rachel- on the Professional track, graduating in December 2011. I work in a bakery, which is perhaps the worst possible employment opportunity for someone who has a crazy sweet tooth. I love my 70 lb. [[Wikipedia:Labrador|Labrador]] Gia, coffee, naps, black and white photographs, and vintage furniture. Tweet me [http://twitter.com/#!/womynking @womynking] or read my sparsely updated food blog, [http://hippieats.wordpress.com Hippie Eats].</div>RachelMhttps://rhetorclick.com/wiki/User:RachelMUser:RachelM2011-01-19T03:44:22Z<p>RachelM: </p>
<hr />
<div>I'm Rachel- on the Professional track, graduating in December 2011. I work in a bakery, which is perhaps the worst possible employment opportunity for someone who has a crazy sweet tooth. I love my 70 lb. [[black labrador]] Gia, [[coffee]], naps, black and white photographs, and vintage furniture. Tweet me [http://twitter.com/#!/womynking @womynking] or read my sparsely updated food blog, [http://hippieats.wordpress.com Hippie Eats].</div>RachelMhttps://rhetorclick.com/wiki/User:RachelMUser:RachelM2011-01-19T03:42:17Z<p>RachelM: </p>
<hr />
<div>I'm Rachel- on the Professional track, graduating in December 2011. I work in a bakery, which is perhaps the worst possible employment opportunity for someone who has a crazy sweet tooth. I love my 70 lb. black lab Gia, coffee, naps, black and white photographs, and vintage furniture. Tweet me [http://twitter.com/#!/womynking @womynking] or read my sparsely updated food blog, [http://hippieats.wordpress.com Hippie Eats].</div>RachelM