Glossary

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This page is dedicated to key terms from the readings.
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== A-D ==
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*'''Adumbration:''' the act of providing vague advance indications of a concept to come; also known as "prefiguration" (see [[Burke, Kenneth "Definition of Man"]])
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*'''Aesthetics''': study of the mind and emotions in relation to the sense of beauty (see [[Perelman, Chaïm "The New Rhetoric: A Theory of Practical Reasoning"]])
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*'''Affective fallacy''': coined by Wimsatt and Berdsley, the mistake of confusing a rhetorical artifact with its result; evaluating literature by its affect on the reader (see [[Richards, I.A. "How to Read a Page"]])
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* '''Agency''': the ability to act and communicate (See [[Moeller, Ryan and David Christensen "System Mapping: A Genre Field Analysis of the National Science Foundation's Grant Proposal and Funding Process"]])
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*'''Aleatoric''': chaotic; random; according to chance (see [[Ede, Lisa S. and Andrea A. Lunsford "On Distinctions between Classical and Modern Rhetoric"]])
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*'''Ancillary:''' providing necessary but secondary support to an organization, institution, or industry (see [[Burke, Kenneth "Definition of Man"]])
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*'''Animism''': the spiritual belief, subscribed to by Aristotle, that all objects have souls (see [[Ede, Lisa S. and Andrea A. Lunsford "On Distinctions between Classical and Modern Rhetoric"]])
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*'''Antistrophos''': counterpart; opposite companion (see [[Ede, Lisa S. and Andrea A. Lunsford "On Distinctions between Classical and Modern Rhetoric"]])
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*'''Antithetical''': in direct and unequivocal opposition (see [[Saussure, Ferdinand de "Nature of the Linguistic Sign"]])
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*'''Antilogy''': a contradiction in terms or ideas (see [[Perelman, Chaïm "The New Rhetoric: A Theory of Practical Reasoning"]])
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*'''Aphorism''': a pithy observation that contains a general truth(see [[Foucault, Michel "What Is an Author?"]])
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*'''Apodictic philosophy''': something demonstrated therefore true (see [[Perelman, Chaïm "The New Rhetoric: A Theory of Practical Reasoning"]])
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*'''Architectonic''': productive, a mode of learning rather than merely observation (see [[McKeon, Richard “The Uses of Rhetoric in a Technological Age: Architectonic Productive Arts”]]])
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*'''Articulation''': a connection or linking of parts to form a unity. (see [[Hea, Amy C. Kimme "Riding The Wave"]])
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*'''Articulation Theory''': is well-suited to examinations of technology because it addresses a range of cultural concerns manifest in the design, development, production, circulation, and consumption of technologies. (see [[Hea, Amy C. Kimme "Riding The Wave"]])
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*'''Axiological:''' relating to the study of values (see [[“The Cultural Role of Rhetoric” by Richard Weaver]])
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*'''Axiom''': a self-evident truth that requires no proof (see [[Perelman, Chaïm "The New Rhetoric: A Theory of Practical Reasoning"]])
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== A ==
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<br />
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*'''Aesthetics''': study of the mind and emotions in relation to the sense of beauty (see [["The New Rhetoric" by Chaim Perelman]])
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*'''Backing''': in the [[Toulmin Model of Argument]], a fact or set of facts that support an argument's warrant (see [[Toulmin, Stephen "The Layout of Arguments"]])
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*'''Adumbration:''' prefiguration: the act of providing vague advance indications; representing beforehand
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*'''Bombast''': pretentious or inflated speech or writing
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*'''Affective Fallacy''': Wimsatt and Berdsley claimed that evaluating literature by the way it affects the reader is uselessly subjective.  Again, literature should be evaluated through its use of language, not outside factors (see [["How to Read a Page" by I. A. Richards]])
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*'''Bricolage''': in art or literature, construction or creation from a diverse range of available things (see [[April 5 Class Notes]])
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*'''Agitator:''' A person who urges others to protest or rebel.
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*'''Aleatoric''': according to chance (see [["On Distinctions between Classical and Modern Rhetoric" by Andrea A. Lunsford and Lisa S. Ede]])
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*'''Ambiguity''': Richards showed how under-examined ambiguities can lead to misinterpretation of an entire work (see [["How to Read a Page" by I. A. Richards]])
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*'''Ancillary:''' Providing necessary support to the primary activities or operation of an organization, institution, industry, or system.
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*'''Animism''': according to Aristotle, all objects have souls (see [["On Distinctions between Classical and Modern Rhetoric" by Andrea A. Lunsford and Lisa S. Ede]])
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*'''Antistrophos''': counterpart, companion (see [["On Distinctions between Classical and Modern Rhetoric" by Andrea A. Lunsford and Lisa S. Ede]])
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*'''Antithetical''': being in direct and unequivocal opposition (see [["Nature of the Linguistic Sign" by Ferdinand de Saussure]])
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*'''Antilogies''': contradiction in terms or ideas (see [["The New Rhetoric" by Chaim Perelman]])
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*'''Aphorism''': a pithy observation that contains a general truth(see [["What is an Author?" by Michel Foucault]])
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*'''Apodictic philosophy''': something demonstrated therefore true (see [["The New Rhetoric" by Chaim Perelman]])
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*'''Axiological:''' of or relating to the study of values. 
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*'''Axiom''': self-evident truths that require no proof (see [["The New Rhetoric" by Chaim Perelman]])
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== B ==
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<br />
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*'''Backing''':
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*'''Bricolage''': (in art or literature) construction or creation from a diverse range of available things (see [[April 5 Class Notes]])
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== C ==
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*'''Canonical''': accepted as being accurate and authoritative (see [[Foucault, Michel "What Is an Author?"]])
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*'''Casuistry''': the practice of applying general moral principles to specific cases; also known as case ethics (see [[Toulmin, Stephen "The Layout of Arguments"]]; [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casuistry Casuistry])
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*'''Categorical imperative''': the philosophical concept proposed by [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immanuel_Kant Immanuel Kant] that moral obligations are binding in all circumstances, regardless of positive or negative consequences (see [[Perelman, Chaïm "The New Rhetoric: A Theory of Practical Reasoning"]])
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*'''Chariot allegory''': Socrates compares the soul to chariot horses and their rider. He believes the soul (chariot rider) is immortal and consists of one good horse and one bad horse. The soul is in constant struggle balancing and choosing between the two horses. Through the good soul only, the chariot can make it to eternity or heaven (see [[“The Cultural Role of Rhetoric” by Richard Weaver]])
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*'''Classical rhetoric''': theory of persuasive discourse (see [[Perelman, Chaïm "The New Rhetoric: A Theory of Practical Reasoning"]])
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*'''Close reading''': meticulous, word-level interpretation, rather than general analysis; has greatly influenced modern criticism (see [[Richards, I.A. "How to Read a Page"]])
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*'''Compendia''': a brief summary of a larger work or of a field of knowledge (see [[Ede, Lisa S. and Andrea A. Lunsford "On Distinctions between Classical and Modern Rhetoric"]])
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*'''Comprehensive Sampling''': small enough to code every item (see [[Blythe, Stuart "Coding Digital Texts and Multimedia"]])
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*'''Constraints''': The elements that affect the rhetorical response to exigence. (see [[Bitzer, Lloyd "The Rhetorical Situation"]])
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*'''Continuum''':  a continuous spectrum; a sequence in which the extremes are quite distinct while individual adjacent elements are similar (see [[Burke, Kenneth "Definition of Man"]])
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*'''Convenience Sampling''': readily available item(s) with little credibility alone (see [[Blythe, Stuart "Coding Digital Texts and Multimedia"]])
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*'''Criterion Sampling''': texts meet certain criteria such as textual features, author attributes, intended audience, or types of media (see [[Blythe, Stuart "Coding Digital Texts and Multimedia"]])
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*'''Canonical''': accepted as being accurate and authoritative (see[["What is an Author?" by Michel Foucault]])
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*'''Data coding''': the act of sorting and classifying artifacts to quantitatively assess certain aspects of it; a five-step process including identifying a set of artifacts, defining a unit to be analyzed, creating codes to classify instances of that unit, testing the reliability of the work, and publicizing results (see [[Blythe, Stuart "Coding Digital Texts and Multimedia"]])
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*'''Categorical imperative''': an unconditional moral obligation that is binding in all circumstances and is not dependent on a person's inclination or purpose (see [["The New Rhetoric" by Chaim Perelman]])
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*'''Death of the Author''': Roland Barthe's essay argues that the author's personal background should be irrelevant to interpretation of his or her writing; the concept proposed in the essay (see [[Barthes, Roland "Death of the Author"]])
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*'''Chariot allegory''': Socrates compares the soul to chariot horses and their rider. He believes the soul (chariot rider) is immortal and consists of one good horse and one bad horse. The soul is in constant struggle balancing and choosing between the two horses. Through the good soul only, the chariot can make it to eternity or heaven. (Weaver [[February 15 Class Notes]])
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*'''Deictic''': denoting a word or expression whose meaning is dependent on the context in which it is used (see [[Foucault, Michel "What Is an Author?"]])
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*'''Classical Rhetori'''c: theory of persuasive discourse (Perelman [[February 10 Class Notes]])
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*'''Diachronic''': relating to phenomena, often literary or cultural, as they occur or change over a period of time (see [[Saussure, Ferdinand de "Nature of the Linguistic Sign"]])
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*'''Close Reading''': Richards shifted the focus from general analysis to a meticulous, word-level method of interpretation, which has greatly influenced modern criticism. (Richards [[February 1 Class Notes]])
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*'''Dialectic''': two-sided dialogue, formal argumentation system, conversation (see [[Ede, Lisa S. and Andrea A. Lunsford "On Distinctions between Classical and Modern Rhetoric"]])
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*'''Compendia''': a brief summary of a larger work or of a field of knowledge; a list of number items (see [["On Distinctions between Classical and Modern Rhetoric" by Andrea A. Lunsford and Lisa S. Ede]])
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*'''Dialectical reasoning''': moving back and forth between contrary lines of reasoning examing both arguments (see [[Perelman, Chaïm "The New Rhetoric: A Theory of Practical Reasoning"]])
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*'''Continuum:''' A continuous sequence in which adjacent elements are not perceptibly different from each other, although the extremes are quite distinct.
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*'''Dialogic''': interpretation or understanding of a text based on an interpretation or understanding of other related texts (see [[Bakhtin, Mikhail "Toward a Methodology for the Human Sciences"]])
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*'''Dispositio''': the system used for the organization of arguments in Western classical rhetoric (see [[Ede, Lisa S. and Andrea A. Lunsford "On Distinctions between Classical and Modern Rhetoric"]])
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*'''Doxa''': constantly evolving day-to-day knowledge; "popular belief" (see [[Ede, Lisa S. and Andrea A. Lunsford "On Distinctions between Classical and Modern Rhetoric"]])
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== D ==
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== E-H ==
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*'''Ecriture''': the idea that a text's author becomes a "transcendental anonymity"; the French word for "writing"(see [[Foucault, Michel "What Is an Author?"]])
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*'''Elocutio''': the mastery of stylistic elements in Western classical rhetoric and comes from the Latin ''loqui'', "to speak" (see [[Burke, Kenneth "Definition of Man"]])
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*'''Endoxa''': commonly held knowledge among a community and its leaders; a more reliable counterpart of doxa
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*'''Entelechy''': a realization or actuality as opposed to a potentiality; the actualization of form-giving cause as contrasted with potential existence (see [[Burke, Kenneth "Definition of Man"]])
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*'''Enthymeme''': abbreviated form of a syllogism which assumes one of two premises is a given (see [[Ede, Lisa S. and Andrea A. Lunsford "On Distinctions between Classical and Modern Rhetoric"]])
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*'''Episteme''': knowledge of the absolute, eternal truth (see [[Ede, Lisa S. and Andrea A. Lunsford "On Distinctions between Classical and Modern Rhetoric"]], [[Plato]], [http://rhetorclick.com/wiki/Theories_and_Movements#Sophism Sophism] , [[Aristotle]], )
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*'''Esperanto''': an artificial international language based as far as possible on words common to the chief European languages (see [[Saussure, Ferdinand de "Nature of the Linguistic Sign"]])
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*'''Ethos''': the persuasive appeal of one's character, credibility, or apparent trustworthiness, especially how this character is established by means of speech or discourse (see [[Ede, Lisa S. and Andrea A. Lunsford "On Distinctions between Classical and Modern Rhetoric"]]
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*'''Etymology''': the study of the history of words and their evolution over time (see [[Burke, Kenneth "Definition of Man"]])
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*'''Evidentials''': a form of metadiscourse used to express attitudes toward knowledge (see [[Blythe, Stuart "Coding Digital Texts and Multimedia"]])
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*'''Existentialism''': a philosophical theory emphasizing the individual as a free and responsible agent determining his or her own development through acts of the will (see [[Perelman, Chaïm "The New Rhetoric: A Theory of Practical Reasoning"]])
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*'''Exegesis''': interpretation of a text often exploring its historical context and seeking to identify its cultural significance (see [[Foucault, Michel "What Is an Author?"]]
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*'''Exigence''': A problem that needs to be addressed and resolved by rhetoric. (see [[Bitzer, Lloyd "The Rhetorical Situation"]])
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*'''Datum''':
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*'''Exordium''': the introduction, especially of a discourse or treatise (see [[Perelman, Chaïm "The New Rhetoric: A Theory of Practical Reasoning"]])
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*'''Death of the Author''': Roland Barthe's essay argues that the author must be disentangled from the text (Richards [[February 1 Class Notes]])
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*'''Deictic''': denoting a word or expression whose meaning is dependent on the context in which it is used (see [["What Is an Author?" Michel Foucault]])
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*'''Derided:''' Express contempt for; ridicule.
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*'''Dialectic''': two-sided dialogue, formal argumentation system, conversation (see [["On Distinctions between Classical and Modern Rhetoric" by Andrea A. Lunsford and Lisa S. Ede]])
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*'''Doxa''': social knowledge (see [["On Distinctions between Classical and Modern Rhetoric" by Andrea A. Lunsford and Lisa S. Ede]])
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*'''Dialectical reasoning''': moving back and forth between contrary lines of reasoning examing both arguments (see [["The New Rhetoric" by Chaim Perelman]])
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*'''Diachronic''': of, relating to, or dealing with phenomena (as of language or culture) as they occur or change over a period of time (see [["Nature of the Linguistic Sign" by Ferdinand de Saussure]])
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*'''Disparagement:''' a communication that belittles somebody or something.
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*'''Dispositio''': the system used for the organization of arguments in Western classical rhetoric (see [["On Distinctions between Classical and Modern Rhetoric" by Andrea A. Lunsford and Lisa S. Ede]])
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== E ==
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<br />
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*'''Ecriture''': the French word for ‘writing’. where it appears in this form in English texts, it refers to one or more specific senses used by modern French theorists.. "What Is an Author?"] by [[Michel Foucault]])
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*'''Elocutio''':  is the term for the mastery of stylistic elements in Western classical rhetoric and comes from the Latin loqui, "to speak".
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*'''Emthymeme''': uses audience's assumptions, only use 1 premise (see [["On Distinctions between Classical and Modern Rhetoric" by Andrea A. Lunsford and Lisa S. Ede]])
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*'''Entelechy''': the actualization of form-giving cause as contrasted with potential existence. (Burke [[January 27 Class Notes]])
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*'''Episteme''': core, truths of the earth knowledge (see [["On Distinctions between Classical and Modern Rhetoric" by Andrea A. Lunsford and Lisa S. Ede]])
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*'''Esperanto''': an artificial international language based as far as possible on words common to the chief European languages (see [["Nature of the Linguistic Sign" by Ferdinand de Saussure]])
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*'''Ethos''': The persuasive appeal of one's character, especially how this character is established by means of speech or discourse.  Ethotic appeals rely on the trustworthiness of the speaker or writer.  Ethos is an effective appeal because when the audience believes that the speaker does not intend to do them harm, they are more likely to trust what is being said. (Persuasive appeals: see [["On Distinctions between Classical and Modern Rhetoric" by Andrea A. Lunsford and Lisa S. Ede]]
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*'''Etymologically''' (Burke [[January 27 Class Notes]])
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*'''Existentialism''': a philosophical theory or approach that emphasizes the existence of the individual person as a free and responsible agent determining their own development through acts of the will (see [["The New Rhetoric" by Chaim Perelman]])
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*''Exegesis'': manifesting behavior that is habitual, maladaptive, and compulsive (see [["What Is an Author?" Michel Foucault]])
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*'''Exordium''': the beginning or introductory part, esp. of a discourse or treatise(see [["The New Rhetoric" by Chaim Perelman]])
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*'''Extrinsic:''' Not part of the essential nature of someone or something; coming or operating from outside.
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== F ==
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*'''Fallacious''': containing or based on a fallacy (see [[“The Cultural Role of Rhetoric” by Richard Weaver]])
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*'''Forensic speaking''': is a form of speech that either attacks or defends somebody (see [["The New Rhetoric" by Chaim Perelman]])
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*'''Forensic speaking''': use of rhetoric to attack or defend someone in a judicial setting; defined by [[Aristotle]] as one of three forms of rhetoric (see [[Perelman, Chaïm "The New Rhetoric: A Theory of Practical Reasoning"]])
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== G ==
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*'''Gaze''': to see, accidentally or on purpose, behind the curtain of public disclosure and into the private lives of research subjects. (see [[Sidler, Michelle "Playing Scavenger and Gazer with Scientific Discourse: Opportunities and Ethics for Online Research"]])
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* '''Genre''': a continuous and structured activity; anything that a large group of people do similarly (see [[Moeller, Ryan and David Christensen "System Mapping: A Genre Field Analysis of the National Science Foundation's Grant Proposal and Funding Process" ]])
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* '''Genre agents''': documents and websites which offer key information involved in the genre process (see [[Moeller, Ryan and David Christensen "System Mapping: A Genre Field Analysis of the National Science Foundation's Grant Proposal and Funding Process" ]] )
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* '''Genre field''': everything that goes into making a genre (see [[Moeller, Ryan and David Christensen "System Mapping: A Genre Field Analysis of the National Science Foundation's Grant Proposal and Funding Process"]])
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== H ==
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*'''Heteroglossia''': the qualities of a language (such as ideology, perspective, etc.) that are extralinguistic, but common to all languages (see [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikhail_Bakhtin#The_Dialogic_Imagination:_Chronotope.2C_Heteroglossia The Dialogic Imagination])
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*'''Heteroglossia''': the qualities of a language (such as ideology, perspective, etc.) that are extralinguistic but common to all languages (see [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikhail_Bakhtin#The_Dialogic_Imagination:_Chronotope.2C_Heteroglossia The Dialogic Imagination])
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*'''Homonymy''': the relation between two words that are spelled the same way but differ in meaning or the relation between two words that are pronounced the same way but differ in meaning (see [["What Is an Author?" Michel Foucault]])
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*'''Historicity''': the shared historical foundation underlying cultures and texts (see [[Weaver, Richard "The Cultural Role of Rhetoric]])
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*'''Hypertext''': Ted Nelson, who coined the term hypertext, defines it as non-sequential writing. "This means writing in which the logical connections between elements are primarily associative rather than syllogistic, as in conventional text" (Slatin 171). (Slatin [[March 22 Class Notes]])
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*'''Homonymy''': the relation between two words that are spelled the same way but differ in meaning (see [[Foucault, Michel "What Is an Author?"]])
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*'''Hypertext''': non-sequential, often digital, writing; writing "in which the logical connections between elements are primarily associative rather than syllogistic" (see [[Slatin, John M. "Reading Hypertext: Order and Coherence in a New Medium"]])
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== I ==
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== I-L ==
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*'''Imbued''': to permeate or influence as if by dyeing (see [["Nature of the Linguistic Sign" by Ferdinand de Saussure]])
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*'''Inventio''': the system or method used for the discovery of arguments in Western rhetoric (see [["On Distinctions between Classical and Modern Rhetoric" by Andrea A. Lunsford and Lisa S. Ede]])
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*'''Intentional Fallacy''': William K. Wimsatt and Monroe Beardsley asserted that the author's words, not his intent, should be studied.  Richards argued that since an authors mind can never be known, we can only examine her words (Richards [[February 1 Class Notes]])
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*'''Interpretant''': how you perceive the representamen (Peirce [[January 25 Class Notes]])
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*'''Inter-Textual Variations''': On the inter-textual level, text is structured through alphanumeric cues (headings, numbers), spatial cues (horizontal and vertical distribution of text on a page) and graphic cues (bullets, arrows, lines on tables) (see  [https://pantherfile.uwm.edu/alred/www/pdf/kostelnick-rhetoricoftext.pdf Rhetoric of Text]).
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*'''Intra-Textual Variations''': local changes in typography, such as boldfacing, upper case, italics, etc (see  [https://pantherfile.uwm.edu/alred/www/pdf/kostelnick-rhetoricoftext.pdf Rhetoric of Text]).
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*'''Inventio''': the system or method used for the discovery of arguments in Western rhetoric (see [["On Distinctions between Classical and Modern Rhetoric" by Andrea A. Lunsford and Lisa S. Ede]])
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*'''Isomorphous''': being of identical or similar form, shape, or structure (see [["Toward a Methodology for the Human Sciences" by Mikhail Bakhtin]])
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*'''Instrumental value judgment''': judgments that use values as a means to alread accepted ends, or as obstacles to their attainment (see [["The New Rhetoric" by Chaim Perelman]])
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*'''Intuitionism''': theory that primary truths and principles (esp. those of ethics and metaphysics) are known directly by intuition(see [["The New Rhetoric" by Chaim Perelman]])
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*'''Iteration:''' The repetition of a process or utterance.
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== J ==
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*'''Intentional fallacy''': the concept that an author's words alone, not intent, should be examined because an author's mind can never be truly known (see [[Richards, I.A. "How to Read a Page"]])
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*'''Interpretant''': how a person perceives a sign or representation (see [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sign_(semiotics)#Triadic_signs Triadic signs])
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*'''Inter-textual variations''': differences in the way texts are structured through alphanumeric cues (headings and numbers), spatial cues (horizontal and vertical distribution of text) and graphic cues (bullets, arrows, lines, etc.) (see  [https://pantherfile.uwm.edu/alred/www/pdf/kostelnick-rhetoricoftext.pdf Rhetoric of Text])
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*'''Intra-textual variations''': changes in typography and design within a document (see  [https://pantherfile.uwm.edu/alred/www/pdf/kostelnick-rhetoricoftext.pdf Rhetoric of Text])
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*'''Inventio''': the system or method used for the discovery of arguments in Western rhetoric (see [[Ede, Lisa S. and Andrea A. Lunsford "On Distinctions between Classical and Modern Rhetoric"]])
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*'''Isomorphous''': being of identical or similar form, shape, or structure (see [[Bakhtin, Mikhail "Toward a Methodology for the Human Sciences"]])
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*'''Instrumental value judgment''': an argument that uses values as a means to alread accepted ends, or as obstacles to their attainment (see [[Perelman, Chaïm "The New Rhetoric: A Theory of Practical Reasoning"]])
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*'''Intuitionism''': the theory that primary truths and principles, especially those of ethics and metaphysics, are known through intuition rather than learning (see [[Perelman, Chaïm "The New Rhetoric: A Theory of Practical Reasoning"]])
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== K ==
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*'''Kairos''': the oportune time and/or place; the right or appropriate time to say or do the right thing (see [http://rhetorclick.com/wiki/Theories_and_Movements#Sophism Sophism], [[Aristotle]], [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isocrates Isocrates], [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kairos Kairos]
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*'''Krisis''': point of judgment, moment of decision (see [[Ede, Lisa S. and Andrea A. Lunsford "On Distinctions between Classical and Modern Rhetoric"]])
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*'''Krisis''': point of judgment, moment of decision (see [["On Distinctions between Classical and Modern Rhetoric" by Andrea A. Lunsford and Lisa S. Ede]])
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== L ==
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*'''Langue''': the underlying structures of a language, which are time-ignorant and related to synchronic linguistics (see [[Saussure, Ferdinand de "Nature of the Linguistic Sign"]])
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*'''Latent content''': content that is subjective or relevant because of its implied, rather than immediately apparent, meaning (see [[Blythe, Stuart "Coding Digital Texts and Multimedia"]])
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*'''Lexia''': parts of a text that are separated from the meaning of the work as a whole to show the multiplicity of meaning and references
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*'''Logology''': study of language and symbols (see [[Burke, Kenneth "Definition of Man"]])
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*'''Logomachies''': a dispute over or about words
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*'''Logos''': the logical appeal that attempts to persuade the audience using intellect and reason (Persuasive appeals: [[Ede, Lisa S. and Andrea A. Lunsford "On Distinctions between Classical and Modern Rhetoric"]])
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*'''Logical empiricism''': the school of philosophy that combines empiricism (the idea that observational evidence is indispensable for knowledge of the world) with a version of rationalism incorporating mathematical and logico-linguistic constructs (see [[Perelman, Chaïm "The New Rhetoric: A Theory of Practical Reasoning"]])
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*'''Logology''': study of language and symbols (Burke [[January 27 Class Notes]])
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== M-P ==
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*'''Logos''': the appeal to reason.  Logical appeals attempt to persuade the audience using intellect.  Most academic arguments rely mainly on logos. (Persuasive appeals: [["On Distinctions between Classical and Modern Rhetoric" by Andrea A. Lunsford and Lisa S. Ede]]
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*'''Logical empiricism''': school of philosophy that combines empiricism - the idea that observational evidence is indispensable for knowledge of the world - with a version of rationalism incorporating mathematical and logico-linguistic constructs ( See "The New Rhetoric" by Chaim Perelman)
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== M ==
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*'''Manifest Content''': observable in a text, easy to spot, measured quantitatively (see [[Blythe, Stuart "Coding Digital Texts and Multimedia"]])
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*'''Method''': procedures and techniques, such as content, discourse, and genre analysis (see [[Blythe, Stuart "Coding Digital Texts and Multimedia"]])
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*'''Methodology''': assumptions and theories; “the underlying theory and analysis of how research does or should proceed” – Kirsch and Sullivan (see [[Blythe, Stuart "Coding Digital Texts and Multimedia"]])
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*'''Modal Qualifiers''': terms such as "probably" and "presumably," which indicate an author's level of certainty (see [[Toulmin, Stephen "The Layout of Arguments"]])
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*'''Monologism''': interpretation of a text without relation to other influencing texts (see [[Bakhtin, Mikhail "Toward a Methodology for the Human Sciences"]]
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*'''Monotonic reasoning''': reasoning in which adding new information does not change the outcome (e.g., "Socrates has brown hair" does not change the outcome of the example syllogism "Socrates is a man; all men are mortal; therefore, Socrates is mortal") (see [[Toulmin, Stephen "The Layout of Arguments"]])
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*'''Modal Qualifiers''':
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== N ==
+
*'''Natura naturans''': nature doing what nature does (see [[Bakhtin, Mikhail "Toward a Methodology for the Human Sciences"]])
-
*'''Natura naturans''': nature doing what nature does (see [["Toward a Methodology for the Human Sciences" by Mikhail Bakhtin]])
+
*'''Natura naurata''': nature already created (see [[Bakhtin, Mikhail "Toward a Methodology for the Human Sciences"]])
-
*'''Natura naurata''': nature already created (see [["Toward a Methodology for the Human Sciences" by Mikhail Bakhtin]])
+
*'''New Criticism''': a movement that viewed texts as completely autonomous (see [[Richards, I.A. "How to Read a Page"]])
-
*'''New Criticism''': Richards' ideas helped establish this movement, which viewed texts as completely autonomous (Richards [[February 1 Class Notes]])
+
*'''New Rhetoric''': theory of argumentation (See [[Perelman, Chaïm "The New Rhetoric: A Theory of Practical Reasoning"]])
-
*'''New Rhetoric''': theory of argumentation (Perelman [[February 10 Class Notes]])
+
*'''Node''': any object which is linked to another object (see [[Slatin, John M. "Reading Hypertext: Order and Coherence in a New Medium"]])
-
*'''Node''': Any object which is linked to another object (Slatin [[March 22 Class Notes]])
+
*'''Nominalism''': the belief that universals are mere names without any reality (see [[“The Cultural Role of Rhetoric” by Richard Weaver]])
 +
*'''Non-monotonic reasoning''': reasoning in which adding new information changes the outcome (see [[Toulmin, Stephen "The Layout of Arguments"]])
 +
*'''Nonverbal units''': physical communication such as gestures and facial expressions or characteristics of speech such as volume, pitch, and speed (see [[Blythe, Stuart "Coding Digital Texts and Multimedia"]])
 +
*'''Narrative paradigm''': [[Walter Fisher]]'s theory that all forms of communication are a type of storytelling and that all human experience evolves as a type of "narrative"; contrast to the "Rational World Paradigm" (see [[Fisher, Walter "Narration as a Human Communication Paradigm"]])
-
== O ==
+
<br />
-
*'''Object''': the action you take (Peirce [[January 25 Class Notes]])
+
*'''Organon''': an instrument for acquiring knowledge; specifically, a body of principles of scientific or philosophic investigation (see [[Ede, Lisa S. and Andrea A. Lunsford "On Distinctions between Classical and Modern Rhetoric"]])
-
*'''Organon''': an instrument for acquiring knowledge; specifically: a body of principles of scientific or philosophic investigation (see [["On Distinctions between Classical and Modern Rhetoric" by Andrea A. Lunsford and Lisa S. Ede]])
+
*'''Orthographic''': a projection of a single view of an object onto a drawing surface in which the lines of projection are perpendicular to the drawing surface (see [[Saussure, Ferdinand de "Nature of the Linguistic Sign"]])
-
*'''Orthographic''': projection of a single view of an object (as a view of the front) onto a drawing surface in which the lines of projection are perpendicular to the drawing surface (see [["Nature of the Linguistic Sign" by Ferdinand de Saussure]])
+
-
== P ==
+
<br />
-
*'''Parlance''': a particular way of speaking or using words, especially a way common to those with a particular job or interest.
+
 
-
*'''Paradeigma''': use of example or evidence to prove a point (see [["On Distinctions between Classical and Modern Rhetoric" by Andrea A. Lunsford and Lisa S. Ede]])
+
*'''Parlance''': a particular way of speaking, especially a way common to those with a particular job or interest (see [[Burke, Kenneth "Definition of Man"]])
-
*'''Pathos''': the appeal to emotion.  When people accept a claim based on how it makes them feels=, they are acting on pathos.  A majority of advertisements and arguments in the popular press rely heavily on pathetic appeals.  Although the pathetic appeal can be manipulative, it is the cornerstone of moving people to action. (Persuasive appeals: [["On Distinctions between Classical and Modern Rhetoric" by Andrea A. Lunsford and Lisa S. Ede]]
+
*'''Paradeigma''': use of example or anecdotal evidence to prove a point (see [[Ede, Lisa S. and Andrea A. Lunsford "On Distinctions between Classical and Modern Rhetoric"]])
-
*'''Pejorative''': a word or phrase that has negative connotations or that is intended to disparage or belittle: a pejorative word or phrase (see [["On Distinctions between Classical and Modern Rhetoric" by Andrea A. Lunsford and Lisa S. Ede]])
+
*'''Parole''': the use of language, which is time-conscious and related to diachronic linguistics (see [[Saussure, Ferdinand de "Nature of the Linguistic Sign"]])
-
*'''Perennial''': continuing without interruption.
+
*'''Pathos''': the appeal to emotion and shared values; often used in advertising and thought to be manipulative but also extremely effective (Persuasive appeals: [[Ede, Lisa S. and Andrea A. Lunsford "On Distinctions between Classical and Modern Rhetoric"]]
-
*'''Phonemes''': any of the abstract units of the phonetic system of a language that correspond to a set of similar speech sounds (as the velar \k\ of cool and the palatal \k\ of keel) which are perceived to be a single distinctive sound in the language (see [["Nature of the Linguistic Sign" by Ferdinand de Saussure]])
+
*'''Pejorative''': a word or phrase that has negative connotations or that is intended to disparage or belittle (see [[Ede, Lisa S. and Andrea A. Lunsford "On Distinctions between Classical and Modern Rhetoric"]])
-
*'''Pisteis''': proofs, persuasive appeals (logos, ethos, pathos); artistic (logical, logos, nonlogical, ethos and pathos) and inartistic (tangible evidence) proofs (see [["On Distinctions between Classical and Modern Rhetoric" by Andrea A. Lunsford and Lisa S. Ede]])
+
*'''Perennial''': continuing without interruption (see [[Burke, Kenneth "Definition of Man"]])
-
*'''Poeis''': fine arts (see [["On Distinctions between Classical and Modern Rhetoric" by Andrea A. Lunsford and Lisa S. Ede]])
+
*'''Phoneme''': a unit of the phonetic system of a language that corresponds to a set of similar speech sounds perceived to be a single distinctive sound in the language (e.g., the velar \k\ of cool and the palatal \k\ of keel) (see [[Saussure, Ferdinand de "Nature of the Linguistic Sign"]])
 +
*'''Pisteis''': proofs, persuasive appeals: (logos, ethos, pathos); artistic (logical, logos, nonlogical, ethos and pathos) and inartistic (tangible evidence) (see [["On Distinctions between Classical and Modern Rhetoric" by Andrea A. Lunsford and Lisa S. Ede]])
 +
* '''Play theory''': the theory that any and all activities have rules, specific outcomes, and some sort of strategy to win (See [[Moeller, Ryan and David Christensen "System Mapping: A Genre Field Analysis of the National Science Foundation's Grant Proposal and Funding Process"]] )
 +
* '''Player agents''': people involved in the process of play theory (See [[Moeller, Ryan and David Christensen "System Mapping: A Genre Field Analysis of the National Science Foundation's Grant Proposal and Funding Process"]] )
 +
*'''Poeis''': fine arts (see [[Ede, Lisa S. and Andrea A. Lunsford "On Distinctions between Classical and Modern Rhetoric"]])
*'''Polyglossia''': the hybrid nature of language (see [[Mikhail Bakhtin]] and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikhail_Bakhtin#The_Dialogic_Imagination:_Chronotope.2C_Heteroglossia The Dialogic Imagination]
*'''Polyglossia''': the hybrid nature of language (see [[Mikhail Bakhtin]] and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikhail_Bakhtin#The_Dialogic_Imagination:_Chronotope.2C_Heteroglossia The Dialogic Imagination]
-
*'''Positivist empiricism''': emphasizes role of experience and evidence especially sensory perception (see [["The New Rhetoric" by Chaim Perelman]])
+
*'''Positivist empiricism''': emphasizes role of experience and evidence especially sensory perception (see [[Perelman, Chaïm "The New Rhetoric: A Theory of Practical Reasoning"]])
-
*'''Priori''': relating to or derived by reasoning from self-evident propositions (see [["Nature of the Linguistic Sign" by Ferdinand de Saussure]])
+
*'''Priori''': relating to or derived by reasoning from self-evident propositions (see [[Saussure, Ferdinand de "Nature of the Linguistic Sign"]])
-
*'''Promulgation''': to make known by open declaration; publish; proclaim formally or put into operation (a law, decree of a court, etc.).
+
*'''Promulgation''': making known by open declaration; proclaiming formally or put into operation (as in a law, decree of a court, etc.) (see [[Burke, Kenneth "Definition of Man"]])
-
*'''Proofs''': Justification, reasoning, argumentation. (Perelman [[February 10 Class Notes]])
+
*'''Proofs''': Justification, reasoning, argumentation. (see [[Perelman, Chaïm "The New Rhetoric: A Theory of Practical Reasoning"]])
-
 
+
-
== Q ==
+
-
 
+
-
 
+
-
== R ==
+
-
 
+
-
*'''Rationalism''': truth is not sensory, but intellectual and deductive.  You only know thought through deductive reasoning.  (Perelman [[February 10 Class Notes]])
+
-
*'''Rationalistic idealism''': criterion of truth is not sensory but intelluctual and deductive (see [["The New Rhetoric" by Chaim Perelman]])
+
-
*'''Rediscovers''': the effects of analogy or isomorphism with current forms of knowledge that allow the perception of forgotten or obscured figures (see[["What is an Author?" by Michel Foucault]])
+
-
*'''Representame'''n: what something represents to you personally (creates in the mind of that person an equivalent sign, or perhaps a more developed sign) (Peirce [[January 25 Class Notes]])
+
-
* Rhetoric: (see [[Definitions of Rhetoric]])
+
-
 
+
-
== S ==
+
-
*'''Semantic''': of or relating to meaning in language (see [["Toward a Methodology for the Human Sciences" by Mikhail Bakhtin]])
+
-
*'''Semiology''': the study of signs (see [["Nature of the Linguistic Sign" by Ferdinand de Saussure]])
+
-
*'''Signified''': concept in the mind (not a thing but the notion of a thing) (see [["Nature of the Linguistic Sign" by Ferdinand de Saussure]])
+
-
*'''Signifier''': the material (or physical form) of the sign (see [["Nature of the Linguistic Sign" by Ferdinand de Saussure]])
+
-
*'''Spatiotemporal:''' Belonging to both space and time or to space-time.
+
-
*'''Syllogism''': logical/deductive, conclusion resting on 2 premises (major, minor, conclusion) (see [["On Distinctions between Classical and Modern Rhetoric" by Andrea A. Lunsford and Lisa S. Ede]])
+
-
*'''Supra-Textual Structuring''': affects the document globally, with section titles, page headers, tabs, page size, orientation, the placement of extra-textual elements (e.g. data display and pictures), icons, page color, and various line, textures, and marks. Supra-textual cues create visual coherence among units in a document (see [https://pantherfile.uwm.edu/alred/www/pdf/kostelnick-rhetoricoftext.pdf Rhetoric of Text])
+
-
*'''Synchronic''': concerned with events existing in a limited time period and ignoring historical antecedents (see [["Nature of the Linguistic Sign" by Ferdinand de Saussure]])
+
-
*'''Suasory:''' Tending to persuade. 
+
-
*'''Subjectivism''': doctrine that knowledge is merely subjective and that there is no external or objective truth (see [["The New Rhetoric" by Chaim Perelman]])
+
-
*'''Subverter''': to pervert or corrupt by an undermining of morals, allegiance, or faith
+
-
 
+
-
== T ==
+
-
 
+
-
*'''Tautologies''': a phrase or expression in which the same thing is said twice in different words; a statement that is true by necessity or by virtue of its logical form(see [["The New Rhetoric" by Chaim Perelman]])
+
-
*'''Techne''': art, craft (see [["On Distinctions between Classical and Modern Rhetoric" by Andrea A. Lunsford and Lisa S. Ede]])
+
-
*'''Telos''': an ultimate end. (Burke [[January 27 Class Notes]])
+
-
*'''Trivium''': An introductory curriculum at a medieval university involving the study of grammar, rhetoric, and logic. (Bryant [[February 3 Class Notes]])
+
-
*'''Tropism''': growth toward or away from external stimulus (Burke [[January 27 Class Notes]])
+
-
 
+
-
== U ==
+
-
 
+
-
== V ==
+
== Q-T ==
 +
*'''Random sampling''': the process of collecting data by assigning a number to each element in the overall set, then use a random number generator to select units of data from the set (see [[Blythe, Stuart "Coding Digital Texts and Multimedia"]])
 +
*'''Rationalism''': the theory that truth is intellectual, not sensory, and can only be known through deductive reasoning (see [[Perelman, Chaïm "The New Rhetoric: A Theory of Practical Reasoning"]])
 +
*'''Rationalistic idealism''': the theory that a criterion of truth is not sensory but intellectual and deductive (see [[Perelman, Chaïm "The New Rhetoric: A Theory of Practical Reasoning"]])
 +
*'''Rediscovering''': the effects of analogy or isomorphism with current forms of knowledge that allow the perception of forgotten or obscured figures (See [[Foucault, Michel "What Is an Author?"]])
 +
*'''Replicability''': in research, the ability of others to yield the same or similar results as those in a completed study (see [[Rickly, Rebecca "Messy Contexts: Research as a Rhetorical Situation"]])
 +
*'''Representamen''': the object that something, often a sign, represents, creating in the mind an equivalent sign, or perhaps a more developed sign (see [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sign_(semiotics)#Triadic_signs Triadic signs])
 +
*'''Rhetoric''': (see [[Definitions of Rhetoric]])
 +
*'''Rhetorical Situation''': the context of a rhetorical event that consists of an issue, an audience, and a set of constraints. Two leading views of the rhetorical situation exist today. One argues that a situation determines and brings about rhetoric, while the other proposes that rhetoric creates “situations” by making issues salient. (see [[Lloyd Bitzer]], [[Richard Vatz]], [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhetorical_situation Rhetorical Situation Wikipedia])
 +
*'''Rhetorical units''': equivalent texts or portions of texts with the same author, intended audience, and purpose (see [[Blythe, Stuart "Coding Digital Texts and Multimedia"]])
 +
*'''Salience''': The emphasis of value in certain events and aspects that the rhetor decides.  (see [[Vatz, Richard "The Myth of the Rhetorical Situation]])
-
== W ==
+
<br />
-
*Warrant:
+
-
== X ==
+
*'''Semantic''': of or relating to meaning in language (see [[Bakhtin, Mikhail "Toward a Methodology for the Human Sciences"]])
 +
*'''Semiology''': the study of signs (see [[Saussure, Ferdinand de "Nature of the Linguistic Sign"]])
 +
*'''Signified''': the mental concept of an object being represented by a word or sign (see [[Saussure, Ferdinand de "Nature of the Linguistic Sign"]])
 +
*'''Signifier''': the material (or physical form) of the sign (see [[Saussure, Ferdinand de "Nature of the Linguistic Sign"]])
 +
*'''Spatiotemporal:''' belonging to both space and time or to space-time (see [[“The Cultural Role of Rhetoric” by Richard Weaver]])
 +
*'''Syllogism''': a logical, deductive conclusion drawn from two related premises (see [[Ede, Lisa S. and Andrea A. Lunsford "On Distinctions between Classical and Modern Rhetoric"]])
 +
*'''Supra-textual structuring''': visual cues that create coherence between elements of a document, e.g., headers, indentation, page orientation, white space, placement of extra-textual elements such as data display and pictures, icons, page color, and lines (see [https://pantherfile.uwm.edu/alred/www/pdf/kostelnick-rhetoricoftext.pdf Rhetoric of Text])
 +
*'''Synchronic''': relating to language or other phenomena at a specific period; opposite of diachronic (see [[Saussure, Ferdinand de "Nature of the Linguistic Sign"]])
 +
*'''Suasory:''' intended to persuade (see [[Burke, Kenneth "Definition of Man"]])
 +
*'''Subjectivism''': the theory that that knowledge is subjective and that there is no external or objective truth (see [[Perelman, Chaïm "The New Rhetoric: A Theory of Practical Reasoning"]])
 +
<br />
-
== Y ==
+
*'''T-units''': “consist of a principle clause and any subordinate clauses or non-clausal structures attached to or embedded in it” – Geisler (see [[Blythe, Stuart "Coding Digital Texts and Multimedia"]])
 +
*'''Tautology''': the use of different words to say the same thing twice; a statement that is true because of its logical form (see [[Perelman, Chaïm "The New Rhetoric: A Theory of Practical Reasoning"]])
 +
*'''Techne''': an art or craft, rather than a knack (see [[Ede, Lisa S. and Andrea A. Lunsford "On Distinctions between Classical and Modern Rhetoric"]])
 +
*'''Telos''': an ultimate end (see [[Burke, Kenneth "Definition of Man"]])
 +
*'''Trivium''': an introductory curriculum at medieval universities involving the study of grammar, rhetoric, and logic (see [[Bryant, Donald C. "Rhetoric: Its Functions and Its Scope"]])
 +
*'''Tropism''': growth toward or away from external stimulus (see [[Burke, Kenneth "Definition of Man"]])
 +
== U-Z ==
-
== Z ==
+
*'''Validity''': in research, the ability of data to answer the question being studied (see [[Rickly, Rebecca "Messy Contexts: Research as a Rhetorical Situation"]])
 +
*'''Verbal units''': words, phrases, and clauses that help identify how an author orients a reader to other phenomena (see [[Blythe, Stuart "Coding Digital Texts and Multimedia"]])
 +
<br />
 +
*'''"Vir bonus dicendi peritus"''': "a good man speaking well"; Quintillian's definition of rhetoric as entwined with the author's moral character
 +
*'''Warrant''': in the [[Toulmin Model of Argument]], an often implicit assumption that supports the inference of the claim from the data/evidence (see [[Toulmin, Stephen "The Layout of Arguments"]])

Latest revision as of 09:36, 17 April 2012

Contents

A-D




E-H




I-L



M-P




Q-T



U-Z


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